Fix compiler warnings

[freeradius.git] / src / lib / radius.c

/**
 * @file radius.c
 * @brief Functions to send/receive radius packets.
 *
 * Version:     $Id$
 *
 *   This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 *   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *   This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 *   Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 *   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
 *
 * Copyright 2000-2003,2006  The FreeRADIUS server project
 */

#include        <freeradius-devel/ident.h>
RCSID("$Id$")

#include        <freeradius-devel/libradius.h>
#include        <freeradius-devel/md5.h>

#include        <fcntl.h>
#include        <ctype.h>

#ifdef WITH_UDPFROMTO
#include        <freeradius-devel/udpfromto.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
#include        <malloc.h>
#endif

#if 0
#define VP_TRACE if (fr_debug_flag) printf
#else
#define VP_TRACE(_x, ...)
#endif


/*
 *  The RFC says 4096 octets max, and most packets are less than 256.
 */
#define MAX_PACKET_LEN 4096

/*
 *      The maximum number of attributes which we allow in an incoming
 *      request.  If there are more attributes than this, the request
 *      is rejected.
 *
 *      This helps to minimize the potential for a DoS, when an
 *      attacker spoofs Access-Request packets, which don't have a
 *      Message-Authenticator attribute.  This means that the packet
 *      is unsigned, and the attacker can use resources on the server,
 *      even if the end request is rejected.
 */
int fr_max_attributes = 0;
FILE *fr_log_fp = NULL;

typedef struct radius_packet_t {
  uint8_t       code;
  uint8_t       id;
  uint8_t       length[2];
  uint8_t       vector[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
  uint8_t       data[1];
} radius_packet_t;

static fr_randctx fr_rand_pool; /* across multiple calls */
static int fr_rand_initialized = 0;
static unsigned int salt_offset = 0;

const char *fr_packet_codes[FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE] = {
  "",
  "Access-Request",
  "Access-Accept",
  "Access-Reject",
  "Accounting-Request",
  "Accounting-Response",
  "Accounting-Status",
  "Password-Request",
  "Password-Accept",
  "Password-Reject",
  "Accounting-Message",
  "Access-Challenge",
  "Status-Server",
  "Status-Client",
  "14",
  "15",
  "16",
  "17",
  "18",
  "19",
  "20",
  "Resource-Free-Request",
  "Resource-Free-Response",
  "Resource-Query-Request",
  "Resource-Query-Response",
  "Alternate-Resource-Reclaim-Request",
  "NAS-Reboot-Request",
  "NAS-Reboot-Response",
  "28",
  "Next-Passcode",
  "New-Pin",
  "Terminate-Session",
  "Password-Expired",
  "Event-Request",
  "Event-Response",
  "35",
  "36",
  "37",
  "38",
  "39",
  "Disconnect-Request",
  "Disconnect-ACK",
  "Disconnect-NAK",
  "CoA-Request",
  "CoA-ACK",
  "CoA-NAK",
  "46",
  "47",
  "48",
  "49",
  "IP-Address-Allocate",
  "IP-Address-Release"
};


void fr_printf_log(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list ap;

        va_start(ap, fmt);
        if ((fr_debug_flag == 0) || !fr_log_fp) {
                va_end(ap);
                return;
        }

        vfprintf(fr_log_fp, fmt, ap);
        va_end(ap);

        return;
}

static const char *tabs = "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t";

static void print_hex_data(const uint8_t *ptr, int attrlen, int depth)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < attrlen; i++) {
                if ((i > 0) && ((i & 0x0f) == 0x00))
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%.*s", depth, tabs);
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x ", ptr[i]);
                if ((i & 0x0f) == 0x0f) fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\n");
        }
        if ((i & 0x0f) != 0) fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\n");
}


void rad_print_hex(RADIUS_PACKET *packet)
{
        int i;

        if (!packet->data || !fr_log_fp) return;

        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  Code:\t\t%u\n", packet->data[0]);
        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  Id:\t\t%u\n", packet->data[1]);
        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  Length:\t%u\n", ((packet->data[2] << 8) |
                                   (packet->data[3])));
        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  Vector:\t");
        for (i = 4; i < 20; i++) {
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x", packet->data[i]);
        }
        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\n");

        if (packet->data_len > 20) {
                int total;
                const uint8_t *ptr;
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  Data:");

                total = packet->data_len - 20;
                ptr = packet->data + 20;

                while (total > 0) {
                        int attrlen;
                        unsigned int vendor = 0;

                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t");
                        if (total < 2) { /* too short */
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x\n", *ptr);
                                break;
                        }

                        if (ptr[1] > total) { /* too long */
                                for (i = 0; i < total; i++) {
                                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x ", ptr[i]);
                                }
                                break;
                        }

                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x  %02x  ", ptr[0], ptr[1]);
                        attrlen = ptr[1] - 2;

                        if ((ptr[0] == PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) &&
                            (attrlen > 4)) {
                                vendor = (ptr[3] << 16) | (ptr[4] << 8) | ptr[5];
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x%02x%02x%02x (%u)  ",
                                       ptr[2], ptr[3], ptr[4], ptr[5], vendor);
                                attrlen -= 4;
                                ptr += 6;
                                total -= 6;

                        } else {
                                ptr += 2;
                                total -= 2;
                        }

                        print_hex_data(ptr, attrlen, 3);

                        ptr += attrlen;
                        total -= attrlen;
                }
        }
        fflush(stdout);
}

/**
 * @brief Wrapper for sendto which handles sendfromto, IPv6, and all
 *      possible combinations.
 */
static int rad_sendto(int sockfd, void *data, size_t data_len, int flags,
                      fr_ipaddr_t *src_ipaddr, int src_port,
                      fr_ipaddr_t *dst_ipaddr, int dst_port)
{
        int rcode;
        struct sockaddr_storage dst;
        socklen_t               sizeof_dst;

#ifdef WITH_UDPFROMTO
        struct sockaddr_storage src;
        socklen_t               sizeof_src;

        fr_ipaddr2sockaddr(src_ipaddr, src_port, &src, &sizeof_src);
#else
        src_port = src_port;    /* -Wunused */
#endif

        if (!fr_ipaddr2sockaddr(dst_ipaddr, dst_port, &dst, &sizeof_dst)) {
                return -1;
        }

#ifdef WITH_UDPFROMTO
        /*
         *      And if they don't specify a source IP address, don't
         *      use udpfromto.
         */
        if (((dst_ipaddr->af == AF_INET) || (dst_ipaddr->af == AF_INET6)) &&
            (src_ipaddr->af != AF_UNSPEC) &&
            !fr_inaddr_any(src_ipaddr)) {
                rcode = sendfromto(sockfd, data, data_len, flags,
                                   (struct sockaddr *)&src, sizeof_src,
                                   (struct sockaddr *)&dst, sizeof_dst);
                goto done;
        }
#else
        src_ipaddr = src_ipaddr; /* -Wunused */
#endif

        /*
         *      No udpfromto, fail gracefully.
         */
        rcode = sendto(sockfd, data, data_len, flags,
                       (struct sockaddr *) &dst, sizeof_dst);
#ifdef WITH_UDPFROMTO
done:
#endif
        if (rcode < 0) {
                DEBUG("rad_send() failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
        }

        return rcode;
}


void rad_recv_discard(int sockfd)
{
        uint8_t                 header[4];
        struct sockaddr_storage src;
        socklen_t               sizeof_src = sizeof(src);

        recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), 0,
                 (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
}


ssize_t rad_recv_header(int sockfd, fr_ipaddr_t *src_ipaddr, int *src_port,
                        int *code)
{
        ssize_t                 data_len, packet_len;
        uint8_t                 header[4];
        struct sockaddr_storage src;
        socklen_t               sizeof_src = sizeof(src);

        data_len = recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), MSG_PEEK,
                            (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
        if (data_len < 0) {
                if ((errno == EAGAIN) || (errno == EINTR)) return 0;
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Too little data is available, discard the packet.
         */
        if (data_len < 4) {
                recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), 0,
                         (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                return 1;

        } else {                /* we got 4 bytes of data. */
                /*
                 *      See how long the packet says it is.
                 */
                packet_len = (header[2] * 256) + header[3];

                /*
                 *      The length in the packet says it's less than
                 *      a RADIUS header length: discard it.
                 */
                if (packet_len < AUTH_HDR_LEN) {
                        recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), 0,
                                 (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                        return 1;

                        /*
                         *      Enforce RFC requirements, for sanity.
                         *      Anything after 4k will be discarded.
                         */
                } else if (packet_len > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                        recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), 0,
                                 (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Convert AF.  If unknown, discard packet.
         */
        if (!fr_sockaddr2ipaddr(&src, sizeof_src, src_ipaddr, src_port)) {
                recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), 0,
                         (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                return 1;
        }

        *code = header[0];

        /*
         *      The packet says it's this long, but the actual UDP
         *      size could still be smaller.
         */
        return packet_len;
}


/**
 * @brief wrapper for recvfrom, which handles recvfromto, IPv6, and all
 *      possible combinations.
 */
static ssize_t rad_recvfrom(int sockfd, uint8_t **pbuf, int flags,
                            fr_ipaddr_t *src_ipaddr, uint16_t *src_port,
                            fr_ipaddr_t *dst_ipaddr, uint16_t *dst_port)
{
        struct sockaddr_storage src;
        struct sockaddr_storage dst;
        socklen_t               sizeof_src = sizeof(src);
        socklen_t               sizeof_dst = sizeof(dst);
        ssize_t                 data_len;
        uint8_t                 header[4];
        void                    *buf;
        size_t                  len;
        int                     port;

        memset(&src, 0, sizeof_src);
        memset(&dst, 0, sizeof_dst);

        /*
         *      Get address family, etc. first, so we know if we
         *      need to do udpfromto.
         *
         *      FIXME: udpfromto also does this, but it's not
         *      a critical problem.
         */
        if (getsockname(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&dst,
                        &sizeof_dst) < 0) return -1;

        /*
         *      Read the length of the packet, from the packet.
         *      This lets us allocate the buffer to use for
         *      reading the rest of the packet.
         */
        data_len = recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), MSG_PEEK,
                            (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
        if (data_len < 0) {
                if ((errno == EAGAIN) || (errno == EINTR)) return 0;
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Too little data is available, discard the packet.
         */
        if (data_len < 4) {
                recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), flags,
                         (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                return 0;

        } else {                /* we got 4 bytes of data. */
                /*
                 *      See how long the packet says it is.
                 */
                len = (header[2] * 256) + header[3];

                /*
                 *      The length in the packet says it's less than
                 *      a RADIUS header length: discard it.
                 */
                if (len < AUTH_HDR_LEN) {
                        recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), flags,
                                 (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                        return 0;

                        /*
                         *      Enforce RFC requirements, for sanity.
                         *      Anything after 4k will be discarded.
                         */
                } else if (len > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                        recvfrom(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), flags,
                                 (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
                        return len;
                }
        }

        buf = malloc(len);
        if (!buf) return -1;

        /*
         *      Receive the packet.  The OS will discard any data in the
         *      packet after "len" bytes.
         */
#ifdef WITH_UDPFROMTO
        if ((dst.ss_family == AF_INET) || (dst.ss_family == AF_INET6)) {
                data_len = recvfromto(sockfd, buf, len, flags,
                                      (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src,
                                      (struct sockaddr *)&dst, &sizeof_dst);
        } else
#endif
                /*
                 *      No udpfromto, fail gracefully.
                 */
                data_len = recvfrom(sockfd, buf, len, flags,
                                    (struct sockaddr *)&src, &sizeof_src);
        if (data_len < 0) {
                free(buf);
                return data_len;
        }

        if (!fr_sockaddr2ipaddr(&src, sizeof_src, src_ipaddr, &port)) {
                free(buf);
                return -1;      /* Unknown address family, Die Die Die! */
        }
        *src_port = port;

        fr_sockaddr2ipaddr(&dst, sizeof_dst, dst_ipaddr, &port);
        *dst_port = port;

        /*
         *      Different address families should never happen.
         */
        if (src.ss_family != dst.ss_family) {
                free(buf);
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Tell the caller about the data
         */
        *pbuf = buf;

        return data_len;
}


#define AUTH_PASS_LEN (AUTH_VECTOR_LEN)
/**
 * @brief Build an encrypted secret value to return in a reply packet
 * 
 *               The secret is hidden by xoring with a MD5 digest
 *               created from the shared secret and the authentication
 *               vector.  We put them into MD5 in the reverse order from
 *               that used when encrypting passwords to RADIUS.
 *
 */
static void make_secret(uint8_t *digest, const uint8_t *vector,
                        const char *secret, const uint8_t *value)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX context;
        int             i;

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret));
        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

        for ( i = 0; i < AUTH_VECTOR_LEN; i++ ) {
                digest[i] ^= value[i];
        }
}

#define MAX_PASS_LEN (128)
static void make_passwd(uint8_t *output, ssize_t *outlen,
                        const uint8_t *input, size_t inlen,
                        const char *secret, const uint8_t *vector)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX context, old;
        uint8_t digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        uint8_t passwd[MAX_PASS_LEN];
        int     i, n;
        int     len;

        /*
         *      If the length is zero, round it up.
         */
        len = inlen;

        if (len > MAX_PASS_LEN) len = MAX_PASS_LEN;

        memcpy(passwd, input, len);
        memset(passwd + len, 0, sizeof(passwd) - len);

        if (len == 0) {
                len = AUTH_PASS_LEN;
        }

        else if ((len & 0x0f) != 0) {
                len += 0x0f;
                len &= ~0x0f;
        }
        *outlen = len;

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret));
        old = context;

        /*
         *      Do first pass.
         */
        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_PASS_LEN);

        for (n = 0; n < len; n += AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                if (n > 0) {
                        context = old;
                        fr_MD5Update(&context,
                                       passwd + n - AUTH_PASS_LEN,
                                       AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                }

                fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);
                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[i + n] ^= digest[i];
                }
        }

        memcpy(output, passwd, len);
}

static void make_tunnel_passwd(uint8_t *output, ssize_t *outlen,
                               const uint8_t *input, size_t inlen, size_t room,
                               const char *secret, const uint8_t *vector)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX context, old;
        uint8_t digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        uint8_t passwd[MAX_STRING_LEN + AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        int     i, n;
        int     len;

        /*
         *      Be paranoid.
         */
        if (room > 253) room = 253;

        /*
         *      Account for 2 bytes of the salt, and round the room
         *      available down to the nearest multiple of 16.  Then,
         *      subtract one from that to account for the length byte,
         *      and the resulting number is the upper bound on the data
         *      to copy.
         *
         *      We could short-cut this calculation just be forcing
         *      inlen to be no more than 239.  It would work for all
         *      VSA's, as we don't pack multiple VSA's into one
         *      attribute.
         *
         *      However, this calculation is more general, if a little
         *      complex.  And it will work in the future for all possible
         *      kinds of weird attribute packing.
         */
        room -= 2;
        room -= (room & 0x0f);
        room--;

        if (inlen > room) inlen = room;

        /*
         *      Length of the encrypted data is password length plus
         *      one byte for the length of the password.
         */
        len = inlen + 1;
        if ((len & 0x0f) != 0) {
                len += 0x0f;
                len &= ~0x0f;
        }
        *outlen = len + 2;      /* account for the salt */

        /*
         *      Copy the password over.
         */
        memcpy(passwd + 3, input, inlen);
        memset(passwd + 3 + inlen, 0, sizeof(passwd) - 3 - inlen);

        /*
         *      Generate salt.  The RFC's say:
         *
         *      The high bit of salt[0] must be set, each salt in a
         *      packet should be unique, and they should be random
         *
         *      So, we set the high bit, add in a counter, and then
         *      add in some CSPRNG data.  should be OK..
         */
        passwd[0] = (0x80 | ( ((salt_offset++) & 0x0f) << 3) |
                     (fr_rand() & 0x07));
        passwd[1] = fr_rand();
        passwd[2] = inlen;      /* length of the password string */

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret));
        old = context;

        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, &passwd[0], 2);

        for (n = 0; n < len; n += AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                if (n > 0) {
                        context = old;
                        fr_MD5Update(&context,
                                       passwd + 2 + n - AUTH_PASS_LEN,
                                       AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                }

                fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[i + 2 + n] ^= digest[i];
                }
        }
        memcpy(output, passwd, len + 2);
}

extern int fr_attr_max_tlv;
extern int fr_attr_shift[];
extern int fr_attr_mask[];

static int do_next_tlv(const VALUE_PAIR *vp, const VALUE_PAIR *next, int nest)
{
        unsigned int tlv1, tlv2;

        if (nest > fr_attr_max_tlv) return 0;

        if (!vp) return 0;

        /*
         *      Keep encoding TLVs which have the same scope.
         *      e.g. two attributes of:
         *              ATTR.TLV1.TLV2.TLV3 = data1
         *              ATTR.TLV1.TLV2.TLV4 = data2
         *      both get put into a container of "ATTR.TLV1.TLV2"
         */

        /*
         *      Nothing to follow, we're done.
         */
        if (!next) return 0;

        /*
         *      Not from the same vendor, skip it.
         */
        if (vp->vendor != next->vendor) return 0;

        /*
         *      In a different TLV space, skip it.
         */
        tlv1 = vp->attribute;
        tlv2 = next->attribute;
        
        tlv1 &= ((1 << fr_attr_shift[nest]) - 1);
        tlv2 &= ((1 << fr_attr_shift[nest]) - 1);
        
        if (tlv1 != tlv2) return 0;

        return 1;
}


static ssize_t vp2data_any(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, int nest,
                           const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                           uint8_t *start, size_t room);

static ssize_t vp2attr_rfc(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                           unsigned int attribute, uint8_t *ptr, size_t room);

/**
 * @brief This is really a sub-function of vp2data_any().  It encodes
 *      the *data* portion of the TLV, and assumes that the encapsulating
 *      attribute has already been encoded.
 */
static ssize_t vp2data_tlvs(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                            const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                            const char *secret, int nest,
                            const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                            uint8_t *start, size_t room)
{
        ssize_t len;
        size_t my_room;
        uint8_t *ptr = start;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;
        const VALUE_PAIR *svp = vp;

        if (!svp) return 0;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (nest > fr_attr_max_tlv) {
                fr_strerror_printf("vp2data_tlvs: attribute nesting overflow");
                return -1;
        }
#endif

        while (vp) {
                if (room < 2) return ptr - start;
                
                ptr[0] = (vp->attribute >> fr_attr_shift[nest]) & fr_attr_mask[nest];
                ptr[1] = 2;
                
                my_room = room;
                if (room > 255) my_room = 255;

                len = vp2data_any(packet, original, secret, nest,
                                  &vp, ptr + 2, my_room - 2);
                if (len < 0) return len;
                if (len == 0) return ptr - start;
                /* len can NEVER be more than 253 */

                ptr[1] += len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
                if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x %02x  ", ptr[0], ptr[1]);
                        print_hex_data(ptr + 2, len, 3);
                }
#endif

                room -= ptr[1];
                ptr += ptr[1];
                *pvp = vp;
                
                if (!do_next_tlv(svp, vp, nest)) break;
        }

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                DICT_ATTR *da;
                
                da = dict_attrbyvalue(svp->attribute & ((1 << fr_attr_shift[nest ]) - 1), svp->vendor);
                if (da) fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t%s = ...\n", da->name);
        }
#endif

        return ptr - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Encodes the data portion of an attribute.
 * @return -1 on error, or the length of the data portion.
 */
static ssize_t vp2data_any(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, int nest,
                           const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                           uint8_t *start, size_t room)
{
        uint32_t lvalue;
        ssize_t len;
        const uint8_t *data;
        uint8_t *ptr = start;
        uint8_t array[4];
        uint64_t lvalue64;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        /*
         *      See if we need to encode a TLV.  The low portion of
         *      the attribute has already been placed into the packer.
         *      If there are still attribute bytes left, then go
         *      encode them as TLVs.
         *
         *      If we cared about the stack, we could unroll the loop.
         */
        if (vp->flags.is_tlv && (nest < fr_attr_max_tlv) &&
            ((vp->attribute >> fr_attr_shift[nest + 1]) != 0)) {
                return vp2data_tlvs(packet, original, secret, nest + 1, pvp,
                                    start, room);
        }

        debug_pair(vp);

        /*
         *      Set up the default sources for the data.
         */
        data = vp->vp_octets;
        len = vp->length;

        /*
         *      Short-circuit it for long attributes.  They can't be
         *      encrypted, tagged, etc.
         */
        if ((vp->type & PW_FLAG_LONG) != 0) goto do_tlv;

        switch(vp->type) {
        case PW_TYPE_STRING:
        case PW_TYPE_OCTETS:
        case PW_TYPE_IFID:
        case PW_TYPE_IPV6ADDR:
        case PW_TYPE_IPV6PREFIX:
        case PW_TYPE_ABINARY:
                /* nothing more to do */
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_BYTE:
                len = 1;        /* just in case */
                array[0] = vp->vp_integer & 0xff;
                data = array;
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_SHORT:
                len = 2;        /* just in case */
                array[0] = (vp->vp_integer >> 8) & 0xff;
                array[1] = vp->vp_integer & 0xff;
                data = array;
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_INTEGER:
                len = 4;        /* just in case */
                lvalue = htonl(vp->vp_integer);
                memcpy(array, &lvalue, sizeof(lvalue));
                data = array;
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_INTEGER64:
                len = 8;        /* just in case */
                lvalue64 = htonll(vp->vp_integer64);
                data = (uint8_t *) &lvalue64;
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_IPADDR:
                data = (const uint8_t *) &vp->vp_ipaddr;
                len = 4;        /* just in case */
                break;

                /*
                 *  There are no tagged date attributes.
                 */
        case PW_TYPE_DATE:
                lvalue = htonl(vp->vp_date);
                data = (const uint8_t *) &lvalue;
                len = 4;        /* just in case */
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_SIGNED:
        {
                int32_t slvalue;

                len = 4;        /* just in case */
                slvalue = htonl(vp->vp_signed);
                memcpy(array, &slvalue, sizeof(slvalue));
                break;
        }

        case PW_TYPE_TLV:
        do_tlv:
                data = vp->vp_tlv;
                if (!data) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: Cannot encode NULL TLV");
                        return -1;
                }
                break;

        default:                /* unknown type: ignore it */
                fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: Unknown attribute type %d", vp->type);
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      No data: skip it.
         */
        if (len == 0) {
                *pvp = vp->next;
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      Bound the data to the calling size
         */
        if (len > (ssize_t) room) len = room;

        /*
         *      Encrypt the various password styles
         *
         *      Attributes with encrypted values MUST be less than
         *      128 bytes long.
         */
        switch (vp->flags.encrypt) {
        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_USER_PASSWORD:
                make_passwd(ptr, &len, data, len,
                            secret, packet->vector);
                break;

        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_TUNNEL_PASSWORD:
                lvalue = 0;
                if (vp->flags.has_tag) lvalue = 1;

                /*
                 *      Check if there's enough room.  If there isn't,
                 *      we discard the attribute.
                 *
                 *      This is ONLY a problem if we have multiple VSA's
                 *      in one Vendor-Specific, though.
                 */
                if (room < (18 + lvalue)) return 0;

                switch (packet->code) {
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_ACK:
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REJECT:
                case PW_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                default:
                        if (!original) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: No request packet, cannot encrypt %s attribute in the vp.", vp->name);
                                return -1;
                        }

                        if (lvalue) ptr[0] = vp->flags.tag;
                        make_tunnel_passwd(ptr + lvalue, &len, data, len,
                                           room - lvalue,
                                           secret, original->vector);
                        break;
                case PW_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                case PW_COA_REQUEST:
                        ptr[0] = vp->flags.tag;
                        make_tunnel_passwd(ptr + 1, &len, data, len - 1, room,
                                           secret, packet->vector);
                        break;
                }
                break;

                /*
                 *      The code above ensures that this attribute
                 *      always fits.
                 */
        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET:
                make_secret(ptr, packet->vector, secret, data);
                len = AUTH_VECTOR_LEN;
                break;


        default:
                if (vp->flags.has_tag && TAG_VALID(vp->flags.tag)) {
                        if (vp->type == PW_TYPE_STRING) {
                                if (len > ((ssize_t) (room - 1))) len = room - 1;
                                ptr[0] = vp->flags.tag;
                                ptr++;
                        } else if (vp->type == PW_TYPE_INTEGER) {
                                array[0] = vp->flags.tag;
                        } /* else it can't be any other type */
                }
                memcpy(ptr, data, len);
                break;
        } /* switch over encryption flags */

        *pvp = vp->next;
        return len + (ptr - start);
}

static ssize_t attr_shift(const uint8_t *start, const uint8_t *end,
                          uint8_t *ptr, int hdr_len, ssize_t len,
                          int flag_offset, int vsa_offset)
{
        int check_len = len - ptr[1];
        int total = len + hdr_len;
        
        /*
         *      Pass 1: Check if the addition of the headers
         *      overflows the available room.  If so, return
         *      what we were capable of encoding.
         */
        
        while (check_len > (255 - hdr_len)) {
                total += hdr_len;
                check_len -= (255 - hdr_len);
        }

        /*
         *      Note that this results in a number of attributes maybe
         *      being marked as "encoded", but which aren't in the
         *      packet.  Oh well.  The solution is to fix the
         *      "vp2data_any" function to take into account the header
         *      lengths.
         */
        if ((ptr + ptr[1] + total) > end) {
                return (ptr + ptr[1]) - start;
        }
        
        /*
         *      Pass 2: Now that we know there's enough room,
         *      re-arrange the data to form a set of valid
         *      RADIUS attributes.
         */
        while (1) {
                int sublen = 255 - ptr[1];
                
                if (len <= sublen) {
                        break;
                }
                
                len -= sublen;
                memmove(ptr + 255 + hdr_len, ptr + 255, sublen);
                memcpy(ptr + 255, ptr, hdr_len);
                ptr[1] += sublen;
                if (vsa_offset) ptr[vsa_offset] += sublen;
                ptr[flag_offset] |= 0x80;
                
                ptr += 255;
                ptr[1] = hdr_len;
                if (vsa_offset) ptr[vsa_offset] = 3;
        }

        ptr[1] += len;
        if (vsa_offset) ptr[vsa_offset] += len;

        return (ptr + ptr[1]) - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Encode an "extended" attribute.
 */
int rad_vp2extended(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                    const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                    const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                    uint8_t *ptr, size_t room)
{
        int len;
        int hdr_len;
        int nest = 1;
        uint8_t *start = ptr;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        if (vp->vendor < VENDORPEC_EXTENDED) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_vp2extended called for non-extended attribute");
                return -1;
        }

        if (room < 3) return 0;

        ptr[0] = vp->attribute & 0xff;
        ptr[1] = 3;

        if (vp->flags.extended) {
                ptr[2] = (vp->attribute & 0xff00) >> 8;

        } else if (vp->flags.extended_flags) {
                if (room < 4) return 0;

                ptr[1] = 4;
                ptr[2] = (vp->attribute & 0xff00) >> 8;
                ptr[3] = 0;
        }

        /*
         *      Only "flagged" attributes can be longer than one
         *      attribute.
         */
        if (!vp->flags.extended_flags && (room > 255)) {
                room = 255;
        }

        /*
         *      Handle EVS VSAs.
         */
        if (vp->flags.evs) {
                uint8_t *evs = ptr + ptr[1];

                if (room < (size_t) (ptr[1] + 5)) return 0;

                /*
                 *      RADIUS Attribute Type is packed into the high byte
                 *      of the Vendor Id.  So over-write it in the packet.
                 *
                 *      And hard-code Extended-Type to Vendor-Specific.
                 */
                ptr[0] = (vp->vendor >> 24) & 0xff;
                ptr[2] = 26;

                evs[0] = 0;     /* always zero */
                evs[1] = (vp->vendor >> 16) & 0xff;
                evs[2] = (vp->vendor >> 8) & 0xff;
                evs[3] = vp->vendor & 0xff;
                evs[4] = vp->attribute & 0xff;          

                ptr[1] += 5;
                nest = 0;
        }
        hdr_len = ptr[1];

        len = vp2data_any(packet, original, secret, nest,
                          pvp, ptr + ptr[1], room - hdr_len);
        if (len <= 0) return len;

        /*
         *      There may be more than 252 octets of data encoded in
         *      the attribute.  If so, move the data up in the packet,
         *      and copy the existing header over.  Set the "M" flag ONLY
         *      after copying the rest of the data.
         */
        if (vp->flags.extended_flags && (len > (255 - ptr[1]))) {
                return attr_shift(start, start + room, ptr, 4, len, 3, 0);
        }

        ptr[1] += len;
        
#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                int jump = 3;

                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x %02x  ", ptr[0], ptr[1]);
                if (!vp->flags.extended_flags) {
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x  ", ptr[2]);
                        
                } else {
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x %02x  ", ptr[2], ptr[3]);
                        jump = 4;
                }

                if (vp->flags.evs) {
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x%02x%02x%02x (%u)  %02x  ",
                                ptr[jump], ptr[jump + 1],
                                ptr[jump + 2], ptr[jump + 3],
                                ((ptr[jump + 1] << 16) |
                                 (ptr[jump + 2] << 8) |
                                 ptr[jump + 3]),
                                ptr[jump + 4]);
                        jump += 5;
                }

                print_hex_data(ptr + jump, len, 3);
        }
#endif

        return (ptr + ptr[1]) - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Encode a WiMAX attribute.
 */
int rad_vp2wimax(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                 const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                 const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                 uint8_t *ptr, size_t room)
{
        int len;
        uint32_t lvalue;
        int hdr_len;
        uint8_t *start = ptr;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        /*
         *      Double-check for WiMAX format.
         */
        if (!vp->flags.wimax) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_vp2wimax called for non-WIMAX VSA");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Not enough room for:
         *              attr, len, vendor-id, vsa, vsalen, continuation
         */
        if (room < 9) return 0;

        /*
         *      Build the Vendor-Specific header
         */
        ptr = start;
        ptr[0] = PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC;
        ptr[1] = 9;
        lvalue = htonl(vp->vendor);
        memcpy(ptr + 2, &lvalue, 4);
        ptr[6] = (vp->attribute & fr_attr_mask[1]);
        ptr[7] = 3;
        ptr[8] = 0;             /* continuation byte */

        hdr_len = 9;

        len = vp2data_any(packet, original, secret, 0, pvp, ptr + ptr[1],
                          room - hdr_len);
        if (len <= 0) return len;

        /*
         *      There may be more than 252 octets of data encoded in
         *      the attribute.  If so, move the data up in the packet,
         *      and copy the existing header over.  Set the "C" flag
         *      ONLY after copying the rest of the data.
         */
        if (len > (255 - ptr[1])) {
                return attr_shift(start, start + room, ptr, hdr_len, len, 8, 7);
        }

        ptr[1] += len;
        ptr[7] += len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x %02x  %02x%02x%02x%02x (%u)  %02x %02x %02x   ",
                       ptr[0], ptr[1],
                       ptr[2], ptr[3], ptr[4], ptr[5],
                       (ptr[3] << 16) | (ptr[4] << 8) | ptr[5],
                       ptr[6], ptr[7], ptr[8]);
                print_hex_data(ptr + 9, len, 3);
        }
#endif

        return (ptr + ptr[1]) - start;
}

/**
 * @brief Encode an RFC format TLV.
 *
 *      This could be a standard attribute,
 *      or a TLV data type.  If it's a standard attribute, then
 *      vp->attribute == attribute.  Otherwise, attribute may be
 *      something else.
 */
static ssize_t vp2attr_rfc(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                           unsigned int attribute, uint8_t *ptr, size_t room)
{
        ssize_t len;

        if (room < 2) return 0;

        ptr[0] = attribute & 0xff;
        ptr[1] = 2;

        if (room > ((unsigned) 255 - ptr[1])) room = 255 - ptr[1];

        len = vp2data_any(packet, original, secret, 0, pvp, ptr + ptr[1], room);
        if (len <= 0) return len;

        ptr[1] += len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x %02x  ", ptr[0], ptr[1]);
                print_hex_data(ptr + 2, len, 3);
        }
#endif

        return ptr[1];
}


/**
 * @brief Encode a VSA which is a TLV.  If it's in the RFC format, call
 *      vp2attr_rfc.  Otherwise, encode it here.
 */
static ssize_t vp2attr_vsa(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
                           unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                           uint8_t *ptr, size_t room)
{
        ssize_t len;
        DICT_VENDOR *dv;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        /*
         *      Unknown vendor: RFC format.
         *      Known vendor and RFC format: go do that.
         */
        dv = dict_vendorbyvalue(vendor);
        if (!dv ||
            (!vp->flags.is_tlv && (dv->type == 1) && (dv->length == 1))) {
                return vp2attr_rfc(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                                   attribute, ptr, room);
        }

        switch (dv->type) {
        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("vp2attr_vsa: Internal sanity check failed,"
                                   " type %u", (unsigned) dv->type);
                return -1;

        case 4:
                ptr[0] = 0;     /* attr must be 24-bit */
                ptr[1] = (attribute >> 16) & 0xff;
                ptr[2] = (attribute >> 8) & 0xff;
                ptr[3] = attribute & 0xff;
                break;

        case 2:
                ptr[0] = (attribute >> 8) & 0xff;
                ptr[1] = attribute & 0xff;
                break;

        case 1:
                ptr[0] = attribute & 0xff;
                break;
        }

        switch (dv->length) {
        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("vp2attr_vsa: Internal sanity check failed,"
                                   " length %u", (unsigned) dv->length);
                return -1;

        case 0:
                break;

        case 2:
                ptr[dv->type] = 0;
                ptr[dv->type + 1] = dv->type + 2;
                break;

        case 1:
                ptr[dv->type] = dv->type + 1;
                break;

        }

        if (room > ((unsigned) 255 - (dv->type + dv->length))) {
                room = 255 - (dv->type + dv->length);
        }

        len = vp2data_any(packet, original, secret, 0, pvp,
                          ptr + dv->type + dv->length, room);
        if (len <= 0) return len;

        if (dv->length) ptr[dv->type + dv->length - 1] += len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                switch (dv->type) {
                default:
                        break;

                case 4:
                        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp)
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x%02x%02x%02x ",
                                        ptr[0], ptr[1], ptr[2], ptr[3]);
                        break;
                        
                case 2:
                        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp)
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x%02x ",
                                        ptr[0], ptr[1]);
                break;
                
                case 1:
                        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp)
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x ", ptr[0]);
                        break;
                }
                
                switch (dv->length) {
                default:
                        break;

                case 0:
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "  ");
                        break;

                case 1:
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x  ",
                                ptr[dv->type]);
                        break;

                case 2:
                        fprintf(fr_log_fp, "%02x%02x  ",
                                ptr[dv->type], ptr[dv->type] + 1);
                        break;
                }

                print_hex_data(ptr + dv->type + dv->length, len, 3);
        }
#endif

        return dv->type + dv->length + len;
}


/**
 * @brief Encode a Vendor-Specific attribute.
 */
int rad_vp2vsa(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp, uint8_t *ptr,
                size_t room)
{
        ssize_t len;
        uint32_t lvalue;
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        /*
         *      Double-check for WiMAX format.
         */
        if (vp->flags.wimax) {
                return rad_vp2wimax(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                                    ptr, room);
        }

        if (vp->vendor > FR_MAX_VENDOR) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_vp2vsa: Invalid arguments");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Not enough room for:
         *              attr, len, vendor-id
         */
        if (room < 6) return 0;

        /*
         *      Build the Vendor-Specific header
         */
        ptr[0] = PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC;
        ptr[1] = 6;
        lvalue = htonl(vp->vendor);
        memcpy(ptr + 2, &lvalue, 4);

        if (room > ((unsigned) 255 - ptr[1])) room = 255 - ptr[1];

        len = vp2attr_vsa(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                          vp->attribute, vp->vendor,
                          ptr + ptr[1], room);
        if (len < 0) return len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t%02x %02x  %02x%02x%02x%02x (%u)  ",
                       ptr[0], ptr[1],
                       ptr[2], ptr[3], ptr[4], ptr[5],
                       (ptr[3] << 16) | (ptr[4] << 8) | ptr[5]);
                print_hex_data(ptr + 6, len, 3);
        }
#endif

        ptr[1] += len;

        return ptr[1];
}


/**
 * @brief Encode an RFC standard attribute 1..255
 */
int rad_vp2rfc(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
               const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
               const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp,
               uint8_t *ptr, size_t room)
{
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp = *pvp;

        if (vp->vendor != 0) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_vp2rfc called with VSA");
                return -1;
        }

        if ((vp->attribute == 0) || (vp->attribute > 255)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_vp2rfc called with non-standard attribute %u", vp->attribute);
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Only CUI is allowed to have zero length.
         *      Thank you, WiMAX!
         */
        if ((vp->length == 0) &&
            (vp->attribute == PW_CHARGEABLE_USER_IDENTITY)) {
                ptr[0] = PW_CHARGEABLE_USER_IDENTITY;
                ptr[1] = 2;

                *pvp = vp->next;
                return 2;
        }

        return vp2attr_rfc(packet, original, secret, pvp, vp->attribute,
                           ptr, room);
}


/**
 * @brief Parse a data structure into a RADIUS attribute.
 */
int rad_vp2attr(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                const char *secret, const VALUE_PAIR **pvp, uint8_t *start,
                size_t room)
{
        const VALUE_PAIR *vp;

        if (!pvp || !*pvp || !start || (room <= 2)) return -1;

        vp = *pvp;

        /*
         *      RFC format attributes take the fast path.
         */
        if (vp->vendor == 0) {
                if (vp->attribute > 255) return 0;

                /*
                 *      Message-Authenticator is hard-coded.
                 */
                if (vp->attribute == PW_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR) {
                        if (room < 18) return -1;
                        
                        debug_pair(vp);
                        start[0] = PW_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR;
                        start[1] = 18;
                        memset(start + 2, 0, 16);
#ifndef NDEBUG
                        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) {
                                fprintf(fr_log_fp, "\t\t50 12 ...\n");
                        }
#endif

                        *pvp = (*pvp)->next;
                        return 18;
                }

                return rad_vp2rfc(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                                  start, room);
        }

        if (vp->vendor > FR_MAX_VENDOR) {
                return rad_vp2extended(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                                       start, room);
        }

        if (vp->flags.wimax) {
                return rad_vp2wimax(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                                    start, room);
        }

        return rad_vp2vsa(packet, original, secret, pvp,
                          start, room);
}


/**
 * @brief Encode a packet.
 */
int rad_encode(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
               const char *secret)
{
        radius_packet_t *hdr;
        uint8_t         *ptr;
        uint16_t        total_length;
        int             len;
        const VALUE_PAIR        *reply;
        const char      *what;
        char            ip_buffer[128];

        /*
         *      A 4K packet, aligned on 64-bits.
         */
        uint64_t        data[MAX_PACKET_LEN / sizeof(uint64_t)];

        if ((packet->code > 0) && (packet->code < FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE)) {
                what = fr_packet_codes[packet->code];
        } else {
                what = "Reply";
        }

        DEBUG("Sending %s of id %d to %s port %d\n",
              what, packet->id,
              inet_ntop(packet->dst_ipaddr.af,
                        &packet->dst_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                        ip_buffer, sizeof(ip_buffer)),
              packet->dst_port);

        /*
         *      Double-check some things based on packet code.
         */
        switch (packet->code) {
        case PW_AUTHENTICATION_ACK:
        case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REJECT:
        case PW_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                if (!original) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: Cannot sign response packet without a request packet.");
                        return -1;
                }
                break;

                /*
                 *      These packet vectors start off as all zero.
                 */
        case PW_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
        case PW_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
        case PW_COA_REQUEST:
                memset(packet->vector, 0, sizeof(packet->vector));
                break;

        default:
                break;
        }

        /*
         *      Use memory on the stack, until we know how
         *      large the packet will be.
         */
        hdr = (radius_packet_t *) data;

        /*
         *      Build standard header
         */
        hdr->code = packet->code;
        hdr->id = packet->id;

        memcpy(hdr->vector, packet->vector, sizeof(hdr->vector));

        total_length = AUTH_HDR_LEN;

        /*
         *      Load up the configuration values for the user
         */
        ptr = hdr->data;
        packet->offset = 0;

        /*
         *      FIXME: Loop twice over the reply list.  The first time,
         *      calculate the total length of data.  The second time,
         *      allocate the memory, and fill in the VP's.
         *
         *      Hmm... this may be slower than just doing a small
         *      memcpy.
         */

        /*
         *      Loop over the reply attributes for the packet.
         */
        reply = packet->vps;
        while (reply) {
                size_t last_len;
                const char *last_name = NULL;

                /*
                 *      Ignore non-wire attributes, but allow extended
                 *      attributes.
                 */
                if ((reply->vendor == 0) &&
                    ((reply->attribute & 0xFFFF) >= 256) &&
                    !reply->flags.extended && !reply->flags.extended_flags) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
                        /*
                         *      Permit the admin to send BADLY formatted
                         *      attributes with a debug build.
                         */
                        if (reply->attribute == PW_RAW_ATTRIBUTE) {
                                memcpy(ptr, reply->vp_octets, reply->length);
                                len = reply->length;
                                reply = reply->next;
                                goto next;
                        }
#endif
                        reply = reply->next;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 *      Set the Message-Authenticator to the correct
                 *      length and initial value.
                 */
                if (reply->attribute == PW_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR) {
                        /*
                         *      Cache the offset to the
                         *      Message-Authenticator
                         */
                        packet->offset = total_length;
                        last_len = 16;
                } else {
                        last_len = reply->length;
                }
                last_name = reply->name;

                len = rad_vp2attr(packet, original, secret, &reply, ptr,
                                  ((uint8_t *) data) + sizeof(data) - ptr);
                if (len < 0) return -1;

                /*
                 *      Failed to encode the attribute, likely because
                 *      the packet is full.
                 */
                if (len == 0) {
                        if (last_len != 0) {
                                DEBUG("WARNING: Failed encoding attribute %s\n", last_name);
                        } else {
                                DEBUG("WARNING: Skipping zero-length attribute %s\n", last_name);
                        }
                }

#ifndef NDEBUG
        next:                   /* Used only for Raw-Attribute */
#endif
                ptr += len;
                total_length += len;
        } /* done looping over all attributes */

        /*
         *      Fill in the rest of the fields, and copy the data over
         *      from the local stack to the newly allocated memory.
         *
         *      Yes, all this 'memcpy' is slow, but it means
         *      that we only allocate the minimum amount of
         *      memory for a request.
         */
        packet->data_len = total_length;
        packet->data = (uint8_t *) malloc(packet->data_len);
        if (!packet->data) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Out of memory");
                return -1;
        }

        memcpy(packet->data, hdr, packet->data_len);
        hdr = (radius_packet_t *) packet->data;

        total_length = htons(total_length);
        memcpy(hdr->length, &total_length, sizeof(total_length));

        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Sign a previously encoded packet.
 */
int rad_sign(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
             const char *secret)
{
        radius_packet_t *hdr = (radius_packet_t *)packet->data;

        /*
         *      It wasn't assigned an Id, this is bad!
         */
        if (packet->id < 0) {
                fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: RADIUS packets must be assigned an Id.");
                return -1;
        }

        if (!packet->data || (packet->data_len < AUTH_HDR_LEN) ||
            (packet->offset < 0)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: You must call rad_encode() before rad_sign()");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      If there's a Message-Authenticator, update it
         *      now, BEFORE updating the authentication vector.
         */
        if (packet->offset > 0) {
                uint8_t calc_auth_vector[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];

                switch (packet->code) {
                case PW_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
                        if (original && original->code == PW_STATUS_SERVER) {
                                goto do_ack;
                        }

                case PW_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_ACK:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_NAK:
                case PW_COA_REQUEST:
                case PW_COA_ACK:
                case PW_COA_NAK:
                        memset(hdr->vector, 0, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        break;

                do_ack:
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_ACK:
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REJECT:
                case PW_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                        if (!original) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: Cannot sign response packet without a request packet.");
                                return -1;
                        }
                        memcpy(hdr->vector, original->vector,
                               AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        break;

                default:        /* others have vector already set to zero */
                        break;

                }

                /*
                 *      Set the authentication vector to zero,
                 *      calculate the signature, and put it
                 *      into the Message-Authenticator
                 *      attribute.
                 */
                fr_hmac_md5(packet->data, packet->data_len,
                            (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret),
                            calc_auth_vector);
                memcpy(packet->data + packet->offset + 2,
                       calc_auth_vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

                /*
                 *      Copy the original request vector back
                 *      to the raw packet.
                 */
                memcpy(hdr->vector, packet->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
        }

        /*
         *      Switch over the packet code, deciding how to
         *      sign the packet.
         */
        switch (packet->code) {
                /*
                 *      Request packets are not signed, bur
                 *      have a random authentication vector.
                 */
        case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST:
        case PW_STATUS_SERVER:
                break;

                /*
                 *      Reply packets are signed with the
                 *      authentication vector of the request.
                 */
        default:
                {
                        uint8_t digest[16];

                        FR_MD5_CTX      context;
                        fr_MD5Init(&context);
                        fr_MD5Update(&context, packet->data, packet->data_len);
                        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret,
                                     strlen(secret));
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                        memcpy(hdr->vector, digest, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        memcpy(packet->vector, digest, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        break;
                }
        }/* switch over packet codes */

        return 0;
}

/**
 * @brief Reply to the request.  Also attach
 *      reply attribute value pairs and any user message provided.
 */
int rad_send(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
             const char *secret)
{
        VALUE_PAIR              *reply;
        const char              *what;
        char                    ip_buffer[128];

        /*
         *      Maybe it's a fake packet.  Don't send it.
         */
        if (!packet || (packet->sockfd < 0)) {
                return 0;
        }

        if ((packet->code > 0) && (packet->code < FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE)) {
                what = fr_packet_codes[packet->code];
        } else {
                what = "Reply";
        }

        /*
         *  First time through, allocate room for the packet
         */
        if (!packet->data) {
                /*
                 *      Encode the packet.
                 */
                if (rad_encode(packet, original, secret) < 0) {
                        return -1;
                }

                /*
                 *      Re-sign it, including updating the
                 *      Message-Authenticator.
                 */
                if (rad_sign(packet, original, secret) < 0) {
                        return -1;
                }

                /*
                 *      If packet->data points to data, then we print out
                 *      the VP list again only for debugging.
                 */
        } else if (fr_debug_flag) {
                DEBUG("Sending %s of id %d to %s port %d\n", what, packet->id,
                      inet_ntop(packet->dst_ipaddr.af,
                                &packet->dst_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                ip_buffer, sizeof(ip_buffer)),
                      packet->dst_port);

                for (reply = packet->vps; reply; reply = reply->next) {
                        if ((reply->vendor == 0) &&
                            ((reply->attribute & 0xFFFF) > 0xff)) continue;
                        debug_pair(reply);
                }
        }

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) rad_print_hex(packet);
#endif

        /*
         *      And send it on it's way.
         */
        return rad_sendto(packet->sockfd, packet->data, packet->data_len, 0,
                          &packet->src_ipaddr, packet->src_port,
                          &packet->dst_ipaddr, packet->dst_port);
}

/**
 * @brief Do a comparison of two authentication digests by comparing
 *      the FULL digest.
 *
 *      Otherwise, the server can be subject to
 *      timing attacks that allow attackers find a valid message
 *      authenticator.
 *
 *      http://www.cs.rice.edu/~dwallach/pub/crosby-timing2009.pdf
 */
int rad_digest_cmp(const uint8_t *a, const uint8_t *b, size_t length)
{
        int result = 0;
        size_t i;

        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                result |= a[i] ^ b[i];
        }

        return result;          /* 0 is OK, !0 is !OK, just like memcmp */
}


/**
 * @brief Validates the requesting client NAS.  Calculates the
 *      signature based on the clients private key.
 */
static int calc_acctdigest(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, const char *secret)
{
        uint8_t         digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        FR_MD5_CTX              context;

        /*
         *      Zero out the auth_vector in the received packet.
         *      Then append the shared secret to the received packet,
         *      and calculate the MD5 sum. This must be the same
         *      as the original MD5 sum (packet->vector).
         */
        memset(packet->data + 4, 0, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

        /*
         *  MD5(packet + secret);
         */
        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, packet->data, packet->data_len);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret));
        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

        /*
         *      Return 0 if OK, 2 if not OK.
         */
        if (rad_digest_cmp(digest, packet->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN) != 0) return 2;
        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Validates the requesting client NAS.  Calculates the
 *      signature based on the clients private key.
 */
static int calc_replydigest(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                            const char *secret)
{
        uint8_t         calc_digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        FR_MD5_CTX              context;

        /*
         *      Very bad!
         */
        if (original == NULL) {
                return 3;
        }

        /*
         *  Copy the original vector in place.
         */
        memcpy(packet->data + 4, original->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

        /*
         *  MD5(packet + secret);
         */
        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, packet->data, packet->data_len);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret));
        fr_MD5Final(calc_digest, &context);

        /*
         *  Copy the packet's vector back to the packet.
         */
        memcpy(packet->data + 4, packet->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

        /*
         *      Return 0 if OK, 2 if not OK.
         */
        if (rad_digest_cmp(packet->vector, calc_digest, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN) != 0) return 2;
        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Check if a set of RADIUS formatted TLVs are OK.
 */
int rad_tlv_ok(const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
               size_t dv_type, size_t dv_length)
{
        const uint8_t *end = data + length;

        if ((dv_length > 2) || (dv_type == 0) || (dv_type > 4)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_tlv_ok: Invalid arguments");
                return -1;
        }

        while (data < end) {
                size_t attrlen;

                if ((data + dv_type + dv_length) > end) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("Attribute header overflow");
                        return -1;
                }

                switch (dv_type) {
                case 4:
                        if ((data[0] == 0) && (data[1] == 0) &&
                            (data[2] == 0) && (data[3] == 0)) {
                        zero:
                                fr_strerror_printf("Invalid attribute 0");
                                return -1;
                        }

                        if (data[0] != 0) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("Invalid attribute > 2^24");
                                return -1;
                        }
                        break;

                case 2:
                        if ((data[1] == 0) && (data[1] == 0)) goto zero;
                        break;

                case 1:
                        if (data[0] == 0) goto zero;
                        break;

                default:
                        fr_strerror_printf("Internal sanity check failed");
                        return -1;
                }

                switch (dv_length) {
                case 0:
                        return 0;

                case 2:
                        if (data[dv_type + 1] != 0) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("Attribute is longer than 256 octets");
                                return -1;
                        }
                        /* FALL-THROUGH */
                case 1:
                        attrlen = data[dv_type + dv_length - 1];
                        break;


                default:
                        fr_strerror_printf("Internal sanity check failed");
                        return -1;
                }

                if (attrlen < (dv_type + dv_length)) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("Attribute header has invalid length");
                        return -1;
                }

                if (attrlen > length) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("Attribute overflows container");
                        return -1;
                }

                data += attrlen;
                length -= attrlen;
        }

        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief See if the data pointed to by PTR is a valid RADIUS packet.
 *
 *      packet is not 'const * const' because we may update data_len,
 *      if there's more data in the UDP packet than in the RADIUS packet.
 */
int rad_packet_ok(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, int flags)
{
        uint8_t                 *attr;
        int                     totallen;
        int                     count;
        radius_packet_t         *hdr;
        char                    host_ipaddr[128];
        int                     require_ma = 0;
        int                     seen_ma = 0;
        int                     num_attributes;

        /*
         *      Check for packets smaller than the packet header.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "The minimum length is 20 ..."
         */
        if (packet->data_len < AUTH_HDR_LEN) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: too short (received %d < minimum %d)",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                   (int) packet->data_len, AUTH_HDR_LEN);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      " ... and maximum length is 4096."
         */
        if (packet->data_len > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: too long (received %d > maximum %d)",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                   (int) packet->data_len, MAX_PACKET_LEN);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      Check for packets with mismatched size.
         *      i.e. We've received 128 bytes, and the packet header
         *      says it's 256 bytes long.
         */
        totallen = (packet->data[2] << 8) | packet->data[3];
        hdr = (radius_packet_t *)packet->data;

        /*
         *      Code of 0 is not understood.
         *      Code of 16 or greate is not understood.
         */
        if ((hdr->code == 0) ||
            (hdr->code >= FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Bad RADIUS packet from host %s: unknown packet code%d ",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                           hdr->code);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      Message-Authenticator is required in Status-Server
         *      packets, otherwise they can be trivially forged.
         */
        if (hdr->code == PW_STATUS_SERVER) require_ma = 1;

        /*
         *      It's also required if the caller asks for it.
         */
        if (flags) require_ma = 1;

        /*
         *      Repeat the length checks.  This time, instead of
         *      looking at the data we received, look at the value
         *      of the 'length' field inside of the packet.
         *
         *      Check for packets smaller than the packet header.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "The minimum length is 20 ..."
         */
        if (totallen < AUTH_HDR_LEN) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: too short (length %d < minimum %d)",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                           totallen, AUTH_HDR_LEN);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      And again, for the value of the 'length' field.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      " ... and maximum length is 4096."
         */
        if (totallen > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: too long (length %d > maximum %d)",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                           totallen, MAX_PACKET_LEN);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "If the packet is shorter than the Length field
         *      indicates, it MUST be silently discarded."
         *
         *      i.e. No response to the NAS.
         */
        if (packet->data_len < totallen) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: received %d octets, packet length says %d",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                   (int) packet->data_len, totallen);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "Octets outside the range of the Length field MUST be
         *      treated as padding and ignored on reception."
         */
        if (packet->data_len > totallen) {
                /*
                 *      We're shortening the packet below, but just
                 *      to be paranoid, zero out the extra data.
                 */
                memset(packet->data + totallen, 0, packet->data_len - totallen);
                packet->data_len = totallen;
        }

        /*
         *      Walk through the packet's attributes, ensuring that
         *      they add up EXACTLY to the size of the packet.
         *
         *      If they don't, then the attributes either under-fill
         *      or over-fill the packet.  Any parsing of the packet
         *      is impossible, and will result in unknown side effects.
         *
         *      This would ONLY happen with buggy RADIUS implementations,
         *      or with an intentional attack.  Either way, we do NOT want
         *      to be vulnerable to this problem.
         */
        attr = hdr->data;
        count = totallen - AUTH_HDR_LEN;
        num_attributes = 0;

        while (count > 0) {
                /*
                 *      We need at least 2 bytes to check the
                 *      attribute header.
                 */
                if (count < 2) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: attribute header overflows the packet",
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                             host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)));
                        return 0;
                }

                /*
                 *      Attribute number zero is NOT defined.
                 */
                if (attr[0] == 0) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: Invalid attribute 0",
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                             host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)));
                        return 0;
                }

                /*
                 *      Attributes are at LEAST as long as the ID & length
                 *      fields.  Anything shorter is an invalid attribute.
                 */
                if (attr[1] < 2) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: attribute %u too short",
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                             host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                   attr[0]);
                        return 0;
                }

                /*
                 *      If there are fewer bytes in the packet than in the
                 *      attribute, it's a bad packet.
                 */
                if (count < attr[1]) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: attribute %u data overflows the packet",
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                             host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                           attr[0]);
                        return 0;
                }

                /*
                 *      Sanity check the attributes for length.
                 */
                switch (attr[0]) {
                default:        /* don't do anything by default */
                        break;

                        /*
                         *      If there's an EAP-Message, we require
                         *      a Message-Authenticator.
                         */
                case PW_EAP_MESSAGE:
                        require_ma = 1;
                        break;

                case PW_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR:
                        if (attr[1] != 2 + AUTH_VECTOR_LEN) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: Message-Authenticator has invalid length %d",
                                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                           attr[1] - 2);
                                return 0;
                        }
                        seen_ma = 1;
                        break;
                }

                /*
                 *      FIXME: Look up the base 255 attributes in the
                 *      dictionary, and switch over their type.  For
                 *      integer/date/ip, the attribute length SHOULD
                 *      be 6.
                 */
                count -= attr[1];       /* grab the attribute length */
                attr += attr[1];
                num_attributes++;       /* seen one more attribute */
        }

        /*
         *      If the attributes add up to a packet, it's allowed.
         *
         *      If not, we complain, and throw the packet away.
         */
        if (count != 0) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Malformed RADIUS packet from host %s: packet attributes do NOT exactly fill the packet",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)));
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      If we're configured to look for a maximum number of
         *      attributes, and we've seen more than that maximum,
         *      then throw the packet away, as a possible DoS.
         */
        if ((fr_max_attributes > 0) &&
            (num_attributes > fr_max_attributes)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Possible DoS attack from host %s: Too many attributes in request (received %d, max %d are allowed).",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                           num_attributes, fr_max_attributes);
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      http://www.freeradius.org/rfc/rfc2869.html#EAP-Message
         *
         *      A packet with an EAP-Message attribute MUST also have
         *      a Message-Authenticator attribute.
         *
         *      A Message-Authenticator all by itself is OK, though.
         *
         *      Similarly, Status-Server packets MUST contain
         *      Message-Authenticator attributes.
         */
        if (require_ma && ! seen_ma) {
                fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Insecure packet from host %s:  Packet does not contain required Message-Authenticator attribute",
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)));
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         *      Fill RADIUS header fields
         */
        packet->code = hdr->code;
        packet->id = hdr->id;
        memcpy(packet->vector, hdr->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

        return 1;
}


/**
 * @brief Receive UDP client requests, and fill in
 *      the basics of a RADIUS_PACKET structure.
 */
RADIUS_PACKET *rad_recv(int fd, int flags)
{
        int sock_flags = 0;
        RADIUS_PACKET           *packet;

        /*
         *      Allocate the new request data structure
         */
        if ((packet = malloc(sizeof(*packet))) == NULL) {
                fr_strerror_printf("out of memory");
                return NULL;
        }
        memset(packet, 0, sizeof(*packet));

        if (flags & 0x02) {
                sock_flags = MSG_PEEK;
                flags &= ~0x02;
        }

        packet->data_len = rad_recvfrom(fd, &packet->data, sock_flags,
                                        &packet->src_ipaddr, &packet->src_port,
                                        &packet->dst_ipaddr, &packet->dst_port);

        /*
         *      Check for socket errors.
         */
        if (packet->data_len < 0) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Error receiving packet: %s", strerror(errno));
                /* packet->data is NULL */
                free(packet);
                return NULL;
        }

        /*
         *      If the packet is too big, then rad_recvfrom did NOT
         *      allocate memory.  Instead, it just discarded the
         *      packet.
         */
        if (packet->data_len > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Discarding packet: Larger than RFC limitation of 4096 bytes.");
                /* packet->data is NULL */
                free(packet);
                return NULL;
        }

        /*
         *      Read no data.  Continue.
         *      This check is AFTER the MAX_PACKET_LEN check above, because
         *      if the packet is larger than MAX_PACKET_LEN, we also have
         *      packet->data == NULL
         */
        if ((packet->data_len == 0) || !packet->data) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Empty packet: Socket is not ready.");
                free(packet);
                return NULL;
        }

        /*
         *      See if it's a well-formed RADIUS packet.
         */
        if (!rad_packet_ok(packet, flags)) {
                rad_free(&packet);
                return NULL;
        }

        /*
         *      Remember which socket we read the packet from.
         */
        packet->sockfd = fd;

        /*
         *      FIXME: Do even more filtering by only permitting
         *      certain IP's.  The problem is that we don't know
         *      how to do this properly for all possible clients...
         */

        /*
         *      Explicitely set the VP list to empty.
         */
        packet->vps = NULL;

        if (fr_debug_flag) {
                char host_ipaddr[128];

                if ((packet->code > 0) && (packet->code < FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE)) {
                        DEBUG("rad_recv: %s packet from host %s port %d",
                              fr_packet_codes[packet->code],
                              inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                        &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                        host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                              packet->src_port);
                } else {
                        DEBUG("rad_recv: Packet from host %s port %d code=%d",
                              inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                        &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                        host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                              packet->src_port,
                              packet->code);
                }
                DEBUG(", id=%d, length=%d\n",
                      packet->id, (int) packet->data_len);
        }

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if ((fr_debug_flag > 3) && fr_log_fp) rad_print_hex(packet);
#endif

        return packet;
}


/**
 * @brief Verify the signature of a packet.
 */
int rad_verify(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, RADIUS_PACKET *original,
               const char *secret)
{
        uint8_t                 *ptr;
        int                     length;
        int                     attrlen;

        if (!packet || !packet->data) return -1;

        /*
         *      Before we allocate memory for the attributes, do more
         *      sanity checking.
         */
        ptr = packet->data + AUTH_HDR_LEN;
        length = packet->data_len - AUTH_HDR_LEN;
        while (length > 0) {
                uint8_t msg_auth_vector[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
                uint8_t calc_auth_vector[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];

                attrlen = ptr[1];

                switch (ptr[0]) {
                default:        /* don't do anything. */
                        break;

                        /*
                         *      Note that more than one Message-Authenticator
                         *      attribute is invalid.
                         */
                case PW_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR:
                        memcpy(msg_auth_vector, &ptr[2], sizeof(msg_auth_vector));
                        memset(&ptr[2], 0, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);

                        switch (packet->code) {
                        default:
                                break;

                        case PW_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
                                if (original &&
                                    (original->code == PW_STATUS_SERVER)) {
                                        goto do_ack;
                                }

                        case PW_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                        case PW_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                        case PW_DISCONNECT_ACK:
                        case PW_DISCONNECT_NAK:
                        case PW_COA_REQUEST:
                        case PW_COA_ACK:
                        case PW_COA_NAK:
                                memset(packet->data + 4, 0, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                                break;

                        do_ack:
                        case PW_AUTHENTICATION_ACK:
                        case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REJECT:
                        case PW_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                                if (!original) {
                                        fr_strerror_printf("ERROR: Cannot validate Message-Authenticator in response packet without a request packet.");
                                        return -1;
                                }
                                memcpy(packet->data + 4, original->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                                break;
                        }

                        fr_hmac_md5(packet->data, packet->data_len,
                                    (const uint8_t *) secret, strlen(secret),
                                    calc_auth_vector);
                        if (rad_digest_cmp(calc_auth_vector, msg_auth_vector,
                                   sizeof(calc_auth_vector)) != 0) {
                                char buffer[32];
                                fr_strerror_printf("Received packet from %s with invalid Message-Authenticator!  (Shared secret is incorrect.)",
                                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                                     buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
                                /* Silently drop packet, according to RFC 3579 */
                                return -1;
                        } /* else the message authenticator was good */

                        /*
                         *      Reinitialize Authenticators.
                         */
                        memcpy(&ptr[2], msg_auth_vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        memcpy(packet->data + 4, packet->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        break;
                } /* switch over the attributes */

                ptr += attrlen;
                length -= attrlen;
        } /* loop over the packet, sanity checking the attributes */

        /*
         *      It looks like a RADIUS packet, but we can't validate
         *      the signature.
         */
        if ((packet->code == 0) || (packet->code >= FR_MAX_PACKET_CODE)) {
                char buffer[32];
                fr_strerror_printf("Received Unknown packet code %d "
                           "from client %s port %d: Cannot validate signature.",
                           packet->code,
                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                     buffer, sizeof(buffer)),
                           packet->src_port);
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Calculate and/or verify digest.
         */
        switch(packet->code) {
                int rcode;
                char buffer[32];

                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST:
                case PW_STATUS_SERVER:
                        /*
                         *      The authentication vector is random
                         *      nonsense, invented by the client.
                         */
                        break;

                case PW_COA_REQUEST:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                case PW_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                        if (calc_acctdigest(packet, secret) > 1) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("Received %s packet "
                                           "from client %s with invalid signature!  (Shared secret is incorrect.)",
                                           fr_packet_codes[packet->code],
                                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                                     buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
                                return -1;
                        }
                        break;

                        /* Verify the reply digest */
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_ACK:
                case PW_AUTHENTICATION_REJECT:
                case PW_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                case PW_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_ACK:
                case PW_DISCONNECT_NAK:
                case PW_COA_ACK:
                case PW_COA_NAK:
                        rcode = calc_replydigest(packet, original, secret);
                        if (rcode > 1) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("Received %s packet "
                                           "from home server %s port %d with invalid signature!  (Shared secret is incorrect.)",
                                           fr_packet_codes[packet->code],
                                           inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                                     &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                                     buffer, sizeof(buffer)),
                                           packet->src_port);
                                return -1;
                        }
                        break;

                default:
                        fr_strerror_printf("Received Unknown packet code %d "
                                   "from client %s port %d: Cannot validate signature",
                                   packet->code,
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                                     buffer, sizeof(buffer)),
                                   packet->src_port);
                        return -1;
        }

        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Create a "raw" attribute from the attribute contents.
 */
static ssize_t data2vp_raw(UNUSED const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           UNUSED const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           UNUSED const char *secret,
                           unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                           const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                           VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        VALUE_PAIR *vp;

        /*
         *      Keep the next function happy.
         */
        vp = pairalloc(NULL);
        vp = paircreate_raw(attribute, vendor, PW_TYPE_OCTETS, vp);
        if (!vp) {
                fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_raw: Failed creating attribute");
                return -1;
        }

        vp->length = length;

        /*
         *      If it's short, put it into the array.  If it's too
         *      long, flag it as such, and put it somewhere else;
         */
        if (length <= sizeof(vp->vp_octets)) {
                memcpy(vp->vp_octets, data, length);
        } else {
                vp->type |= PW_FLAG_LONG;
                vp->vp_tlv = malloc(length);
                if (!vp->vp_tlv) {
                        pairfree(&vp);
                        return -1;
                }
                memcpy(vp->vp_tlv, data, length);
        }

        *pvp = vp;

        return length;
}


static ssize_t data2vp_tlvs(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                            const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                            const char *secret,
                            unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                            int nest,
                            const uint8_t *start, size_t length,
                            VALUE_PAIR **pvp);

/**
 * @brief Create any kind of VP from the attribute contents.
 * @return -1 on error, or "length".
 */
static ssize_t data2vp_any(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, int nest,
                           unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                           const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                           VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        int data_offset = 0;
        DICT_ATTR *da;
        VALUE_PAIR *vp = NULL;

        if (length == 0) {
                /*
                 *      Hacks for CUI.  The WiMAX spec says that it
                 *      can be zero length, even though this is
                 *      forbidden by the RADIUS specs.  So... we make
                 *      a special case for it.
                 */
                if ((vendor == 0) &&
                    (attribute == PW_CHARGEABLE_USER_IDENTITY)) {
                        data = (const uint8_t *) "";
                        length = 1;
                } else {
                        *pvp = NULL;
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        da = dict_attrbyvalue(attribute, vendor);

        /*
         *      Unknown attribute.  Create it as a "raw" attribute.
         */
        if (!da) {
                VP_TRACE("Not found %u.%u\n", vendor, attribute);
        raw:
                if (vp) pairfree(&vp);
                return data2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                   attribute, vendor, data, length, pvp);
        }

        /*
         *      TLVs are handled first.  They can't be tagged, and
         *      they can't be encrypted.
         */
        if (da->type == PW_TYPE_TLV) {
                VP_TRACE("Found TLV %u.%u\n", vendor, attribute);
                return data2vp_tlvs(packet, original, secret,
                                    attribute, vendor, nest,
                                    data, length, pvp);
        }

        /*
         *      The data is very long.
         */
        if (length > sizeof(vp->vp_octets)) {
                /*
                 *      Long encrypted attributes are forbidden.
                 */
                if (da->flags.encrypt != FLAG_ENCRYPT_NONE) goto raw;

#ifndef NDEBUG
                /*
                 *      Catch programming errors.
                 */
                if ((da->type != PW_TYPE_STRING) &&
                    (da->type != PW_TYPE_OCTETS)) goto raw;

#endif

                /*
                 *      FIXME: Figure out how to deal with long
                 *      strings and binary data!
                 */
                goto raw;
        }

        /*
         *      The attribute is known, and well formed.  We can now
         *      create it.  The main failure from here on in is being
         *      out of memory.
         */
        vp = pairalloc(da);
        if (!vp) return -1;

        /*
         *      Handle tags.
         */
        if (vp->flags.has_tag) {
                if (TAG_VALID(data[0]) ||
                    (vp->flags.encrypt == FLAG_ENCRYPT_TUNNEL_PASSWORD)) {
                        /*
                         *      Tunnel passwords REQUIRE a tag, even
                         *      if don't have a valid tag.
                         */
                        vp->flags.tag = data[0];

                        if ((vp->type == PW_TYPE_STRING) ||
                            (vp->type == PW_TYPE_OCTETS)) {
                                if (length == 0) goto raw;
                                data_offset = 1;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Copy the data to be decrypted
         */
        vp->length = length - data_offset;
        memcpy(&vp->vp_octets[0], data + data_offset, vp->length);

        /*
         *      Decrypt the attribute.
         */
        if (secret) switch (vp->flags.encrypt) {
                /*
                 *  User-Password
                 */
        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_USER_PASSWORD:
                if (original) {
                        rad_pwdecode(vp->vp_strvalue,
                                     vp->length, secret,
                                     original->vector);
                } else {
                        rad_pwdecode(vp->vp_strvalue,
                                     vp->length, secret,
                                     packet->vector);
                }
                if (vp->attribute == PW_USER_PASSWORD) {
                        vp->length = strlen(vp->vp_strvalue);
                }
                break;

                /*
                 *      Tunnel-Password's may go ONLY
                 *      in response packets.
                 */
        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_TUNNEL_PASSWORD:
                if (!original) goto raw;

                if (rad_tunnel_pwdecode(vp->vp_octets, &vp->length,
                                        secret, original->vector) < 0) {
                        goto raw;
                }
                break;

                /*
                 *  Ascend-Send-Secret
                 *  Ascend-Receive-Secret
                 */
        case FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET:
                if (!original) {
                        goto raw;
                } else {
                        uint8_t my_digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
                        make_secret(my_digest,
                                    original->vector,
                                    secret, data);
                        memcpy(vp->vp_strvalue, my_digest,
                               AUTH_VECTOR_LEN );
                        vp->vp_strvalue[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN] = '\0';
                        vp->length = strlen(vp->vp_strvalue);
                }
                break;

        default:
                break;
        } /* switch over encryption flags */


        switch (vp->type) {
        case PW_TYPE_STRING:
        case PW_TYPE_OCTETS:
        case PW_TYPE_ABINARY:
                /* nothing more to do */
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_BYTE:
                if (vp->length != 1) goto raw;

                vp->vp_integer = vp->vp_octets[0];
                break;


        case PW_TYPE_SHORT:
                if (vp->length != 2) goto raw;

                vp->vp_integer = (vp->vp_octets[0] << 8) | vp->vp_octets[1];
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_INTEGER:
                if (vp->length != 4) goto raw;

                memcpy(&vp->vp_integer, vp->vp_octets, 4);
                vp->vp_integer = ntohl(vp->vp_integer);

                if (vp->flags.has_tag) vp->vp_integer &= 0x00ffffff;

                /*
                 *      Try to get named VALUEs
                 */
                {
                        DICT_VALUE *dval;
                        dval = dict_valbyattr(vp->attribute, vp->vendor,
                                              vp->vp_integer);
                        if (dval) {
                                strlcpy(vp->vp_strvalue,
                                        dval->name,
                                        sizeof(vp->vp_strvalue));
                        }
                }
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_INTEGER64:
                if (vp->length != 8) goto raw;

                vp->vp_integer64 = ntohll(*(uint64_t *)(vp->vp_octets));
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_DATE:
                if (vp->length != 4) goto raw;

                memcpy(&vp->vp_date, vp->vp_octets, 4);
                vp->vp_date = ntohl(vp->vp_date);
                break;


        case PW_TYPE_IPADDR:
                if (vp->length != 4) goto raw;

                memcpy(&vp->vp_ipaddr, vp->vp_octets, 4);
                break;

                /*
                 *      IPv6 interface ID is 8 octets long.
                 */
        case PW_TYPE_IFID:
                if (vp->length != 8) goto raw;
                /* vp->vp_ifid == vp->vp_octets */
                break;

                /*
                 *      IPv6 addresses are 16 octets long
                 */
        case PW_TYPE_IPV6ADDR:
                if (vp->length != 16) goto raw;
                /* vp->vp_ipv6addr == vp->vp_octets */
                break;

                /*
                 *      IPv6 prefixes are 2 to 18 octets long.
                 *
                 *      RFC 3162: The first octet is unused.
                 *      The second is the length of the prefix
                 *      the rest are the prefix data.
                 *
                 *      The prefix length can have value 0 to 128.
                 */
        case PW_TYPE_IPV6PREFIX:
                if (vp->length < 2 || vp->length > 18) goto raw;
                if (vp->vp_octets[1] > 128) goto raw;

                /*
                 *      FIXME: double-check that
                 *      (vp->vp_octets[1] >> 3) matches vp->length + 2
                 */
                if (vp->length < 18) {
                        memset(vp->vp_octets + vp->length, 0,
                               18 - vp->length);
                }
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_SIGNED:
                if (vp->length != 4) goto raw;

                /*
                 *      Overload vp_integer for ntohl, which takes
                 *      uint32_t, not int32_t
                 */
                memcpy(&vp->vp_integer, vp->vp_octets, 4);
                vp->vp_integer = ntohl(vp->vp_integer);
                memcpy(&vp->vp_signed, &vp->vp_integer, 4);
                break;

        case PW_TYPE_TLV:
                pairfree(&vp);
                fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_any: Internal sanity check failed");
                return -1;

        case PW_TYPE_COMBO_IP:
                if (vp->length == 4) {
                        vp->type = PW_TYPE_IPADDR;
                        memcpy(&vp->vp_ipaddr, vp->vp_octets, 4);
                        break;

                } else if (vp->length == 16) {
                        vp->type = PW_TYPE_IPV6ADDR;
                        /* vp->vp_ipv6addr == vp->vp_octets */
                        break;

                }
                /* FALL-THROUGH */

        default:
                goto raw;
        }

        *pvp = vp;

        return length;
}


/**
 * @brief Convert a top-level VSA to a VP.
 */
static ssize_t attr2vp_vsa(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                           const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                           const char *secret, unsigned int vendor,
                           size_t dv_type, size_t dv_length,
                           const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                           VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        unsigned int attribute;
        ssize_t attrlen, my_len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (length <= (dv_type + dv_length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("attr2vp_vsa: Failure to call rad_tlv_ok");
                return -1;
        }
#endif  

        switch (dv_type) {
        case 4:
                /* data[0] must be zero */
                attribute = data[1] << 16;
                attribute |= data[2] << 8;
                attribute |= data[3];
                break;

        case 2:
                attribute = data[0] << 8;
                attribute |= data[1];
                break;

        case 1:
                attribute = data[0];
                break;

        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("attr2vp_vsa: Internal sanity check failed");
                return -1;
        }

        switch (dv_length) {
        case 2:
                /* data[dv_type] must be zero */
                attrlen = data[dv_type + 1];
                break;

        case 1:
                attrlen = data[dv_type];
                break;

        case 0:
                attrlen = length;
                break;

        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("attr2vp_vsa: Internal sanity check failed");
                return -1;
        }

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (attrlen <= (ssize_t) (dv_type + dv_length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("attr2vp_vsa: Failure to call rad_tlv_ok");
                return -1;
        }
#endif

        attrlen -= (dv_type + dv_length);
        
        my_len = data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, 0,
                             attribute, vendor,
                             data + dv_type + dv_length, attrlen, pvp);
        if (my_len < 0) return my_len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (my_len != attrlen) {
                pairfree(pvp);
                fr_strerror_printf("attr2vp_vsa: Incomplete decode %d != %d",
                                   (int) my_len, (int) attrlen);
                return -1;
        }
#endif

        return dv_type + dv_length + attrlen;
}

/**
 * @brief Convert one or more TLVs to VALUE_PAIRs.  This function can
 *      be called recursively...
 */
static ssize_t data2vp_tlvs(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                            const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                            const char *secret,
                            unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                            int nest,
                            const uint8_t *start, size_t length,
                            VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        size_t dv_type, dv_length;
        const uint8_t *data, *end;
        VALUE_PAIR *head, **last, *vp;

        data = start;

        /*
         *      The default format for a VSA is the RFC recommended
         *      format.
         */
        dv_type = 1;
        dv_length = 1;

        /*
         *      Top-level TLVs can be of a weird format.  TLVs
         *      encapsulated in a TLV can only be in the RFC format.
         */
        if (nest == 1) {
                DICT_VENDOR *dv;
                dv = dict_vendorbyvalue(vendor);        
                if (dv) {
                        dv_type = dv->type;
                        dv_length = dv->length;
                        /* dict.c enforces sane values on the above fields */
                }
        }

        if (nest >= fr_attr_max_tlv) {
                fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed in recursion");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      The VSAs do not exactly fill the data,
         *      The *entire* TLV is malformed.
         */
        if (rad_tlv_ok(data, length, dv_type, dv_length) < 0) {
                VP_TRACE("TLV malformed %u.%u\n", vendor, attribute);
                return data2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                   attribute, vendor, data, length, pvp);
        }

        end = data + length;
        head = NULL;
        last = &head;

        while (data < end) {
                unsigned int my_attr;
                unsigned int my_len;

#ifndef NDEBUG
                if ((data + dv_type + dv_length) > end) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed in tlvs: Insufficient data");
                        pairfree(&head);
                        return -1;
                }
#endif

                switch (dv_type) {
                case 1:
                        my_attr = attribute;
                        my_attr |= ((data[0] & fr_attr_mask[nest + 1])
                                    << fr_attr_shift[nest + 1]);
                        break;
                case 2:
                        my_attr = (data[0] << 8) | data[1];
                        break;

                case 4:
                        my_attr = (data[1] << 16) | (data[1] << 8) | data[3];
                        break;

                default:
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed");
                        return -1;
                }

                switch (dv_length) {
                case 0:
                        my_len = length;
                        break;

                case 1:
                case 2:
                        my_len = data[dv_type + dv_length - 1];
                        break;

                default:
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed");
                        return -1;
                }
                
#ifndef NDEBUG
                if (my_len < (dv_type + dv_length)) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed in tlvs: underflow");
                        pairfree(&head);
                        return -1;
                }

                if ((data + my_len) > end) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_tlvs: Internal sanity check failed in tlvs: overflow");
                        pairfree(&head);
                        return -1;
                }
#endif

                my_len -= dv_type + dv_length;

                /*
                 *      If this returns > 0, it returns "my_len"
                 */
                if (data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, nest + 1,
                                my_attr, vendor,
                                data + dv_type + dv_length, my_len, &vp) < 0) {
                        pairfree(&head);
                        return -1;
                }

                data += my_len + dv_type + dv_length;
                *last = vp;

                while (vp) {
                        last = &(vp->next);
                        vp = vp->next;
                }
        }

        *pvp = head;
        return data - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Group "continued" attributes together, and create VPs from them.
 *
 *      The caller ensures that the RADIUS packet is OK, and that the
 *      continuations have all been checked.
 */
static ssize_t data2vp_continued(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                                 const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                                 const char *secret,
                                 const uint8_t *start, size_t length,
                                 VALUE_PAIR **pvp, int nest,
                                 unsigned int attribute, unsigned int vendor,
                                 int first_offset, int later_offset,
                                 ssize_t attrlen)
{
        ssize_t left;
        uint8_t *attr, *ptr;
        const uint8_t *data;

        attr = malloc(attrlen);
        if (!attr) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Out of memory");
                return -1;
        }

        left = attrlen;
        ptr = attr;
        data = start;

        /*
         *      Do the first one.
         */
        memcpy(ptr, data + first_offset, data[1] - first_offset);
        ptr += data[1] - first_offset;
        left -= data[1] - first_offset;
        data += data[1];

        while (left > 0) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
                if (data >= (start + length)) {
                        free(attr);
                        fr_strerror_printf("data2vp_continued: Internal sanity check failed");
                        return -1;
                }
#endif
                memcpy(ptr, data + later_offset, data[1] - later_offset);
                ptr += data[1] - later_offset;
                left -= data[1] - later_offset;
                data += data[1];
        }

        left = data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, nest,
                           attribute, vendor,
                           attr, attrlen, pvp);
        free(attr);
        if (left < 0) return left;

        return data - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Create a "raw" VALUE_PAIR from a RADIUS attribute.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp_raw(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                        const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                        const char *secret,
                        const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                        VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        ssize_t my_len;

        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_raw: Invalid length");
                return -1;
        }

        my_len = data2vp_raw(packet, original, secret, data[0], 0,
                             data + 2, data[1] - 2, pvp);
        if (my_len < 0) return my_len;
        
        return data[1];
}


/**
 * @brief Get the length of the data portion of all of the contiguous
 *      continued attributes.
 * @return
 *      0 for "no continuation"
 *      -1 on malformed packets (continuation followed by non-wimax, etc.)
 */
static ssize_t wimax_attrlen(uint32_t vendor,
                             const uint8_t *start, const uint8_t *end)
{
        ssize_t total;
        const uint8_t *data = start;

        if ((data[8] & 0x80) == 0) return 0;
        total = data[7] - 3;
        data += data[1];

        while (data < end) {
                
                if ((data + 9) > end) return -1;

                if ((data[0] != PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) ||
                    (data[1] < 9) ||
                    (memcmp(data + 2, &vendor, 4) != 0) ||
                    (data[6] != start[6]) ||
                    ((data[7] + 6) != data[1])) return -1;

                total += data[7] - 3;
                if ((data[8] & 0x80) == 0) break;
                data += data[1];
        }

        return total;
}


/**
 * @brief Get the length of the data portion of all of the contiguous
 *      continued attributes.
 *
 * @return
 *      0 for "no continuation"
 *      -1 on malformed packets (continuation followed by non-wimax, etc.)
 */
static ssize_t extended_attrlen(const uint8_t *start, const uint8_t *end)
{
        ssize_t total;
        const uint8_t *data = start;

        if ((data[3] & 0x80) == 0) return 0;
        total = data[1] - 4;
        data += data[1];
        
        while (data < end) {
                if ((data + 4) > end) return -1;

                if ((data[0] != start[0]) ||
                    (data[1] < 4) ||
                    (data[2] != start[2])) return -1;

                total += data[1] - 4;
                if ((data[3] & 0x80) == 0) break;
                data += data[1];
        }

        return total;
}


/**
 * @brief Create WiMAX VALUE_PAIRs from a RADIUS attribute.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp_wimax(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                          const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                          const char *secret,
                          const uint8_t *data,  size_t length,
                          VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        ssize_t my_len;
        unsigned int attribute;
        uint32_t lvalue;

        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_wimax: Invalid length");
                return -1;
        }

        if (data[0] != PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_wimax: Invalid attribute");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Not enough room for a Vendor-Id. + WiMAX header
         */
        if (data[1] < 9) {
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        memcpy(&lvalue, data + 2, 4);
        lvalue = ntohl(lvalue);

        /*
         *      Not WiMAX format.
         */
        if (lvalue != VENDORPEC_WIMAX) {
                DICT_VENDOR *dv;

                dv = dict_vendorbyvalue(lvalue);
                if (!dv || !dv->flags) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_wimax: Not a WiMAX attribute");
                        return -1;
                }
        }

        /*
         *      The WiMAX attribute is encapsulated in a VSA.  If the
         *      WiMAX length disagrees with the VSA length, it's malformed.
         */
        if ((data[7] + 6) != data[1]) {
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        attribute = data[6];

        /*
         *      Attribute is continued.  Do some more work.
         */
        if (data[8] != 0) {
                my_len = wimax_attrlen(htonl(lvalue), data, data + length);
                if (my_len < 0) {
                        return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                               data, length, pvp);
                }

                return data2vp_continued(packet, original, secret,
                                         data, length, pvp, 0,
                                         data[6], lvalue,
                                         9, 9, my_len);
        }

        my_len = data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, 0, attribute, lvalue,
                             data + 9, data[1] - 9, pvp);
        if (my_len < 0) return my_len;

        return data[1];
}

/**
 * @brief Create Vendor-Specifc VALUE_PAIRs from a RADIUS attribute.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp_vsa(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                        const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                        const char *secret,
                        const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                        VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        size_t dv_type, dv_length;
        ssize_t my_len;
        uint32_t lvalue;
        DICT_VENDOR *dv;

        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_vsa: Invalid length");
                return -1;
        }

        if (data[0] != PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_vsa: Invalid attribute");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Not enough room for a Vendor-Id.
         *      Or the high octet of the Vendor-Id is set.
         */
        if ((data[1] < 6) || (data[2] != 0)) {
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        memcpy(&lvalue, data + 2, 4);
        lvalue = ntohl(lvalue);

        /*
         *      WiMAX gets its own set of magic.
         */
        if (lvalue == VENDORPEC_WIMAX) {
        wimax:
                return rad_attr2vp_wimax(packet, original, secret,
                                         data, length, pvp);
        }

        dv_type = dv_length = 1;
        dv = dict_vendorbyvalue(lvalue);
        if (dv) {
                dv_type = dv->type;
                dv_length = dv->length;

                if (dv->flags) goto wimax;
        }

        /*
         *      Attribute is not in the correct form.
         */
        if (rad_tlv_ok(data + 6, data[1] - 6, dv_type, dv_length) < 0) {
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        my_len = attr2vp_vsa(packet, original, secret,
                             lvalue, dv_type, dv_length,
                             data + 6, data[1] - 6, pvp);
        if (my_len < 0) return my_len;

        /*
         *      Incomplete decode means that something is wrong
         *      with the attribute.  Back up, and make it "raw".
         */
        if (my_len != (data[1] - 6)) {
                pairfree(pvp);
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        return data[1];
}

/**
 * @brief Create an "extended" VALUE_PAIR from a RADIUS attribute.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp_extended(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                             const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                             const char *secret,
                             const uint8_t *start, size_t length,
                             VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        unsigned int attribute;
        int shift = 1;
        int continued = 0;
        unsigned int vendor = VENDORPEC_EXTENDED;
        size_t data_len = length;
        const uint8_t *data;
        DICT_ATTR *da;

        data = start;

        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_extended: Invalid length");
                return -1;
        }

        da = dict_attrbyvalue(data[0], vendor);
        if (!da ||
            (!da->flags.extended && !da->flags.extended_flags)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_extended: Attribute is not extended format");
                return -1;
        }

        data = start;

        /*
         *      No Extended-Type.  It's a raw attribute.
         *      Also, if there's no data following the Extended-Type,
         *      it's a raw attribute.
         */
        if (data[1] <= 3) {
        raw:
                return rad_attr2vp_raw(packet, original, secret, start,
                                       length, pvp);
        }

        /*
         *      The attribute is "241.1", for example.  Go look that
         *      up to see what type it is.
         */
        attribute = data[0];
        attribute |= (data[2] << fr_attr_shift[1]);

        da = dict_attrbyvalue(attribute, vendor);
        if (!da) goto raw;

        vendor = VENDORPEC_EXTENDED;

        data_len = length;
        if (data[1] < length) data_len = data[1];

        data += 3;
        data_len -= 3;

        /*
         *      If there's supposed to be a flag octet.  If not, it's
         *      a raw attribute.  If the flag is set, it's supposed to
         *      be continued.
         */
        if (da->flags.extended_flags) {
                if (data_len == 0) goto raw;

                continued = ((data[0] & 0x80) != 0);
                data++;
                data_len--;
        }
        
        /*
         *      Extended VSAs have 4 octets of
         *      Vendor-Id followed by one octet of
         *      Vendor-Type.
         */
        if (da->flags.evs) {
                if (data_len < 5) goto raw;
                
                /*
                 *      Vendor Ids can only be 24-bit.
                 */
                if (data[0] != 0) goto raw;
                
                vendor = ((data[1] << 16) |
                          (data[2] << 8) |
                          data[3]);
                
                /*
                 *      Pack the *encapsulating* attribute number into
                 *      the vendor id.  This number should be >= 241.
                 */
                vendor |= start[0] * FR_MAX_VENDOR;
                shift = 0;
                
                /*
                 *      Over-write the attribute with the
                 *      VSA.
                 */
                attribute = data[4];
                data += 5;
                data_len -= 5;
        }

        if (continued) {
                int first_offset = 4;
                ssize_t my_len;

                if (vendor != VENDORPEC_EXTENDED) first_offset += 5;

                my_len = extended_attrlen(start, start + length);
                if (my_len < 0) goto raw;

                if (vendor != VENDORPEC_EXTENDED) my_len -= 5;

                return data2vp_continued(packet, original, secret,
                                         start, length, pvp, shift,
                                         attribute, vendor,
                                         first_offset, 4, my_len);
        }

        if (data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, shift,
                        attribute, vendor, data, data_len, pvp) < 0) {
                return -1;
        }

        return (data + data_len) - start;
}


/**
 * @brief Create a "standard" RFC VALUE_PAIR from the given data.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp_rfc(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                        const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                        const char *secret,
                        const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                        VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp_rfc: Insufficient data");
                return -1;
        }
        
        if (data2vp_any(packet, original, secret, 0,
                        data[0], 0, data + 2, data[1] - 2, pvp) < 0) {
                return -1;
        }

        return data[1];
}       

/**
 * @brief Create a "normal" VALUE_PAIR from the given data.
 */
ssize_t rad_attr2vp(const RADIUS_PACKET *packet,
                    const RADIUS_PACKET *original,
                    const char *secret,
                    const uint8_t *data, size_t length,
                    VALUE_PAIR **pvp)
{
        if ((length < 2) || (data[1] < 2) || (data[1] > length)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("rad_attr2vp: Insufficient data");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      VSAs get their own handler.
         */
        if (data[0] == PW_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) {
                return rad_attr2vp_vsa(packet, original, secret,
                                       data, length, pvp);
        }

        /*
         *      Extended attribute format gets their own handler.
         */
        if (dict_attrbyvalue(data[0], VENDORPEC_EXTENDED) != NULL) {
                return rad_attr2vp_extended(packet, original, secret,
                                            data, length, pvp);
        }

        return rad_attr2vp_rfc(packet, original, secret, data, length, pvp);
}


/**
 * @brief Calculate/check digest, and decode radius attributes.
 * @return -1 on decoding error, 0 on success
 */
int rad_decode(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, RADIUS_PACKET *original,
               const char *secret)
{
        int                     packet_length;
        int                     num_attributes;
        uint8_t                 *ptr;
        radius_packet_t         *hdr;
        VALUE_PAIR *head, **tail, *vp;

        /*
         *      Extract attribute-value pairs
         */
        hdr = (radius_packet_t *)packet->data;
        ptr = hdr->data;
        packet_length = packet->data_len - AUTH_HDR_LEN;

        head = NULL;
        tail = &head;
        num_attributes = 0;

        /*
         *      Loop over the attributes, decoding them into VPs.
         */
        while (packet_length > 0) {
                ssize_t my_len;

                /*
                 *      This may return many VPs
                 */
                my_len = rad_attr2vp(packet, original, secret,
                                     ptr, packet_length, &vp);
                if (my_len < 0) {
                        pairfree(&head);
                        return -1;
                }

                *tail = vp;
                while (vp) {
                        num_attributes++;
                        debug_pair(vp);
                        tail = &(vp->next);
                        vp = vp->next;
                }

                /*
                 *      VSA's may not have been counted properly in
                 *      rad_packet_ok() above, as it is hard to count
                 *      then without using the dictionary.  We
                 *      therefore enforce the limits here, too.
                 */
                if ((fr_max_attributes > 0) &&
                    (num_attributes > fr_max_attributes)) {
                        char host_ipaddr[128];

                        pairfree(&head);
                        fr_strerror_printf("WARNING: Possible DoS attack from host %s: Too many attributes in request (received %d, max %d are allowed).",
                                   inet_ntop(packet->src_ipaddr.af,
                                             &packet->src_ipaddr.ipaddr,
                                             host_ipaddr, sizeof(host_ipaddr)),
                                   num_attributes, fr_max_attributes);
                        return -1;
                }

                ptr += my_len;
                packet_length -= my_len;
        }

        /*
         *      Merge information from the outside world into our
         *      random pool.
         */
        fr_rand_seed(packet->data, AUTH_HDR_LEN);
        
        /*
         *      There may be VP's already in the packet.  Don't
         *      destroy them.  Instead, add the decoded attributes to
         *      the tail of the list.
         */
        for (tail = &packet->vps; *tail != NULL; tail = &((*tail)->next)) {
                /* nothing */
        }
        *tail = head;

        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Encode password.
 *
 *      We assume that the passwd buffer passed is big enough.
 *      RFC2138 says the password is max 128 chars, so the size
 *      of the passwd buffer must be at least 129 characters.
 *      Preferably it's just MAX_STRING_LEN.
 *
 *      int *pwlen is updated to the new length of the encrypted
 *      password - a multiple of 16 bytes.
 */
int rad_pwencode(char *passwd, size_t *pwlen, const char *secret,
                 const uint8_t *vector)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX context, old;
        uint8_t digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        int     i, n, secretlen;
        int     len;

        /*
         *      RFC maximum is 128 bytes.
         *
         *      If length is zero, pad it out with zeros.
         *
         *      If the length isn't aligned to 16 bytes,
         *      zero out the extra data.
         */
        len = *pwlen;

        if (len > 128) len = 128;

        if (len == 0) {
                memset(passwd, 0, AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                len = AUTH_PASS_LEN;
        } else if ((len % AUTH_PASS_LEN) != 0) {
                memset(&passwd[len], 0, AUTH_PASS_LEN - (len % AUTH_PASS_LEN));
                len += AUTH_PASS_LEN - (len % AUTH_PASS_LEN);
        }
        *pwlen = len;

        /*
         *      Use the secret to setup the decryption digest
         */
        secretlen = strlen(secret);

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, secretlen);
        old = context;          /* save intermediate work */

        /*
         *      Encrypt it in place.  Don't bother checking
         *      len, as we've ensured above that it's OK.
         */
        for (n = 0; n < len; n += AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                if (n == 0) {
                        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);
                } else {
                        context = old;
                        fr_MD5Update(&context,
                                     (uint8_t *) passwd + n - AUTH_PASS_LEN,
                                     AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);
                }

                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[i + n] ^= digest[i];
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * @brief Decode password.
 */
int rad_pwdecode(char *passwd, size_t pwlen, const char *secret,
                 const uint8_t *vector)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX context, old;
        uint8_t digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        int     i;
        size_t  n, secretlen;

        /*
         *      The RFC's say that the maximum is 128.
         *      The buffer we're putting it into above is 254, so
         *      we don't need to do any length checking.
         */
        if (pwlen > 128) pwlen = 128;

        /*
         *      Catch idiots.
         */
        if (pwlen == 0) goto done;

        /*
         *      Use the secret to setup the decryption digest
         */
        secretlen = strlen(secret);

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, secretlen);
        old = context;          /* save intermediate work */

        /*
         *      The inverse of the code above.
         */
        for (n = 0; n < pwlen; n += AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                if (n == 0) {
                        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                        context = old;
                        if (pwlen > AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                                fr_MD5Update(&context, (uint8_t *) passwd,
                                             AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                        }
                } else {
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                        context = old;
                        if (pwlen > (n + AUTH_PASS_LEN)) {
                                fr_MD5Update(&context, (uint8_t *) passwd + n,
                                             AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                        }
                }

                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[i + n] ^= digest[i];
                }
        }

 done:
        passwd[pwlen] = '\0';
        return strlen(passwd);
}


/**
 * @brief Encode Tunnel-Password attributes when sending them out on the wire.
 *
 *      int *pwlen is updated to the new length of the encrypted
 *      password - a multiple of 16 bytes.
 *
 *      This is per RFC-2868 which adds a two char SALT to the initial intermediate
 *      value MD5 hash.
 */
int rad_tunnel_pwencode(char *passwd, size_t *pwlen, const char *secret,
                        const uint8_t *vector)
{
        uint8_t buffer[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN + MAX_STRING_LEN + 3];
        unsigned char   digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        char*   salt;
        int     i, n, secretlen;
        unsigned len, n2;

        len = *pwlen;

        if (len > 127) len = 127;

        /*
         * Shift the password 3 positions right to place a salt and original
         * length, tag will be added automatically on packet send
         */
        for (n=len ; n>=0 ; n--) passwd[n+3] = passwd[n];
        salt = passwd;
        passwd += 2;
        /*
         * save original password length as first password character;
         */
        *passwd = len;
        len += 1;


        /*
         *      Generate salt.  The RFC's say:
         *
         *      The high bit of salt[0] must be set, each salt in a
         *      packet should be unique, and they should be random
         *
         *      So, we set the high bit, add in a counter, and then
         *      add in some CSPRNG data.  should be OK..
         */
        salt[0] = (0x80 | ( ((salt_offset++) & 0x0f) << 3) |
                   (fr_rand() & 0x07));
        salt[1] = fr_rand();

        /*
         *      Padd password to multiple of AUTH_PASS_LEN bytes.
         */
        n = len % AUTH_PASS_LEN;
        if (n) {
                n = AUTH_PASS_LEN - n;
                for (; n > 0; n--, len++)
                        passwd[len] = 0;
        }
        /* set new password length */
        *pwlen = len + 2;

        /*
         *      Use the secret to setup the decryption digest
         */
        secretlen = strlen(secret);
        memcpy(buffer, secret, secretlen);

        for (n2 = 0; n2 < len; n2+=AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                if (!n2) {
                        memcpy(buffer + secretlen, vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                        memcpy(buffer + secretlen + AUTH_VECTOR_LEN, salt, 2);
                        fr_md5_calc(digest, buffer, secretlen + AUTH_VECTOR_LEN + 2);
                } else {
                        memcpy(buffer + secretlen, passwd + n2 - AUTH_PASS_LEN, AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                        fr_md5_calc(digest, buffer, secretlen + AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                }

                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[i + n2] ^= digest[i];
                }
        }
        passwd[n2] = 0;
        return 0;
}

/**
 * @brief Decode Tunnel-Password encrypted attributes.
 *
 *      Defined in RFC-2868, this uses a two char SALT along with the
 *      initial intermediate value, to differentiate it from the
 *      above.
 */
int rad_tunnel_pwdecode(uint8_t *passwd, size_t *pwlen, const char *secret,
                        const uint8_t *vector)
{
        FR_MD5_CTX  context, old;
        uint8_t         digest[AUTH_VECTOR_LEN];
        int             secretlen;
        unsigned        i, n, len, reallen;

        len = *pwlen;

        /*
         *      We need at least a salt.
         */
        if (len < 2) {
                fr_strerror_printf("tunnel password is too short");
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      There's a salt, but no password.  Or, there's a salt
         *      and a 'data_len' octet.  It's wrong, but at least we
         *      can figure out what it means: the password is empty.
         *
         *      Note that this means we ignore the 'data_len' field,
         *      if the attribute length tells us that there's no
         *      more data.  So the 'data_len' field may be wrong,
         *      but that's ok...
         */
        if (len <= 3) {
                passwd[0] = 0;
                *pwlen = 0;
                return 0;
        }

        len -= 2;               /* discount the salt */

        /*
         *      Use the secret to setup the decryption digest
         */
        secretlen = strlen(secret);

        fr_MD5Init(&context);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, (const uint8_t *) secret, secretlen);
        old = context;          /* save intermediate work */

        /*
         *      Set up the initial key:
         *
         *       b(1) = MD5(secret + vector + salt)
         */
        fr_MD5Update(&context, vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
        fr_MD5Update(&context, passwd, 2);

        reallen = 0;
        for (n = 0; n < len; n += AUTH_PASS_LEN) {
                int base = 0;

                if (n == 0) {
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                        context = old;

                        /*
                         *      A quick check: decrypt the first octet
                         *      of the password, which is the
                         *      'data_len' field.  Ensure it's sane.
                         */
                        reallen = passwd[2] ^ digest[0];
                        if (reallen >= len) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("tunnel password is too long for the attribute");
                                return -1;
                        }

                        fr_MD5Update(&context, passwd + 2, AUTH_PASS_LEN);

                        base = 1;
                } else {
                        fr_MD5Final(digest, &context);

                        context = old;
                        fr_MD5Update(&context, passwd + n + 2, AUTH_PASS_LEN);
                }

                for (i = base; i < AUTH_PASS_LEN; i++) {
                        passwd[n + i - 1] = passwd[n + i + 2] ^ digest[i];
                }
        }

        /*
         *      See make_tunnel_password, above.
         */
        if (reallen > 239) reallen = 239;

        *pwlen = reallen;
        passwd[reallen] = 0;

        return reallen;
}

/**
 * @brief Encode a CHAP password
 *
 *      @bug FIXME: might not work with Ascend because
 *      we use vp->length, and Ascend gear likes
 *      to send an extra '\0' in the string!
 */
int rad_chap_encode(RADIUS_PACKET *packet, uint8_t *output, int id,
                    VALUE_PAIR *password)
{
        int             i;
        uint8_t         *ptr;
        uint8_t         string[MAX_STRING_LEN * 2 + 1];
        VALUE_PAIR      *challenge;

        /*
         *      Sanity check the input parameters
         */
        if ((packet == NULL) || (password == NULL)) {
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         *      Note that the password VP can be EITHER
         *      a User-Password attribute (from a check-item list),
         *      or a CHAP-Password attribute (the client asking
         *      the library to encode it).
         */

        i = 0;
        ptr = string;
        *ptr++ = id;

        i++;
        memcpy(ptr, password->vp_strvalue, password->length);
        ptr += password->length;
        i += password->length;

        /*
         *      Use Chap-Challenge pair if present,
         *      Request-Authenticator otherwise.
         */
        challenge = pairfind(packet->vps, PW_CHAP_CHALLENGE, 0);
        if (challenge) {
                memcpy(ptr, challenge->vp_strvalue, challenge->length);
                i += challenge->length;
        } else {
                memcpy(ptr, packet->vector, AUTH_VECTOR_LEN);
                i += AUTH_VECTOR_LEN;
        }

        *output = id;
        fr_md5_calc((uint8_t *)output + 1, (uint8_t *)string, i);

        return 0;
}


/**
 * @brief Seed the random number generator.
 *
 *      May be called any number of times.
 */
void fr_rand_seed(const void *data, size_t size)
{
        uint32_t hash;

        /*
         *      Ensure that the pool is initialized.
         */
        if (!fr_rand_initialized) {
                int fd;

                memset(&fr_rand_pool, 0, sizeof(fr_rand_pool));

                fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
                if (fd >= 0) {
                        size_t total;
                        ssize_t this;

                        total = 0;
                        while (total < sizeof(fr_rand_pool.randrsl)) {
                                this = read(fd, fr_rand_pool.randrsl,
                                            sizeof(fr_rand_pool.randrsl) - total);
                                if ((this < 0) && (errno != EINTR)) break;
                                if (this > 0) total += this;
                        }
                        close(fd);
                } else {
                        fr_rand_pool.randrsl[0] = fd;
                        fr_rand_pool.randrsl[1] = time(NULL);
                        fr_rand_pool.randrsl[2] = errno;
                }

                fr_randinit(&fr_rand_pool, 1);
                fr_rand_pool.randcnt = 0;
                fr_rand_initialized = 1;
        }

        if (!data) return;

        /*
         *      Hash the user data
         */
        hash = fr_rand();
        if (!hash) hash = fr_rand();
        hash = fr_hash_update(data, size, hash);

        fr_rand_pool.randmem[fr_rand_pool.randcnt] ^= hash;
}


/**
 * @brief Return a 32-bit random number.
 */
uint32_t fr_rand(void)
{
        uint32_t num;

        /*
         *      Ensure that the pool is initialized.
         */
        if (!fr_rand_initialized) {
                fr_rand_seed(NULL, 0);
        }

        num = fr_rand_pool.randrsl[fr_rand_pool.randcnt++];
        if (fr_rand_pool.randcnt >= 256) {
                fr_rand_pool.randcnt = 0;
                fr_isaac(&fr_rand_pool);
        }

        return num;
}


/**
 * @brief Allocate a new RADIUS_PACKET
 */
RADIUS_PACKET *rad_alloc(int newvector)
{
        RADIUS_PACKET   *rp;

        if ((rp = malloc(sizeof(RADIUS_PACKET))) == NULL) {
                fr_strerror_printf("out of memory");
                return NULL;
        }
        memset(rp, 0, sizeof(*rp));
        rp->id = -1;
        rp->offset = -1;

        if (newvector) {
                int i;
                uint32_t hash, base;

                /*
                 *      Don't expose the actual contents of the random
                 *      pool.
                 */
                base = fr_rand();
                for (i = 0; i < AUTH_VECTOR_LEN; i += sizeof(uint32_t)) {
                        hash = fr_rand() ^ base;
                        memcpy(rp->vector + i, &hash, sizeof(hash));
                }
        }
        fr_rand();              /* stir the pool again */

        return rp;
}

RADIUS_PACKET *rad_alloc_reply(RADIUS_PACKET *packet)
{
        RADIUS_PACKET *reply;

        if (!packet) return NULL;

        reply = rad_alloc(0);
        if (!reply) return NULL;

        /*
         *      Initialize the fields from the request.
         */
        reply->sockfd = packet->sockfd;
        reply->dst_ipaddr = packet->src_ipaddr;
        reply->src_ipaddr = packet->dst_ipaddr;
        reply->dst_port = packet->src_port;
        reply->src_port = packet->dst_port;
        reply->id = packet->id;
        reply->code = 0; /* UNKNOWN code */
        memcpy(reply->vector, packet->vector,
               sizeof(reply->vector));
        reply->vps = NULL;
        reply->data = NULL;
        reply->data_len = 0;

        return reply;
}


/**
 * @brief Free a RADIUS_PACKET
 */
void rad_free(RADIUS_PACKET **radius_packet_ptr)
{
        RADIUS_PACKET *radius_packet;

        if (!radius_packet_ptr || !*radius_packet_ptr) return;
        radius_packet = *radius_packet_ptr;

        free(radius_packet->data);

        pairfree(&radius_packet->vps);

        free(radius_packet);

        *radius_packet_ptr = NULL;
}