Remove disconnected APs from BSS table if likely out-of-range
[mech_eap.git] / wpa_supplicant / dbus / dbus_new_helpers.c
index e71aba7..0115e32 100644 (file)
  * Copyright (c) 2006, Dan Williams <dcbw@redhat.com> and Red Hat, Inc.
  * Copyright (c) 2009, Witold Sowa <witold.sowa@gmail.com>
  *
- * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
- * published by the Free Software Foundation.
- *
- * Alternatively, this software may be distributed under the terms of BSD
- * license.
- *
- * See README and COPYING for more details.
+ * This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
+ * See README for more details.
  */
 
-#include "includes.h"
+#include "utils/includes.h"
 
-#include "common.h"
-#include "eloop.h"
+#include "utils/common.h"
+#include "utils/eloop.h"
 #include "dbus_common.h"
 #include "dbus_common_i.h"
+#include "dbus_new.h"
 #include "dbus_new_helpers.h"
+#include "dbus_new_handlers.h"
+#include "dbus_dict_helpers.h"
 
-/**
- * struct wpa_dbus_method_desc - DBus method description
- */
-struct wpa_dbus_method_desc {
-       /* pointer to next description in list */
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *next;
-
-       /* method interface */
-       char *dbus_interface;
-       /* method name */
-       char *dbus_method;
-
-       /* method handling function */
-       WPADBusMethodHandler method_handler;
-
-       /* number of method arguments */
-       int args_num;
-       /* array of arguments */
-       struct wpa_dbus_argument args[];
-};
-
-
-/**
- * struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc - DBus signal description
- */
-struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc {
-       /* pointer to next description in list */
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *next;
-
-       /* signal interface */
-       char *dbus_interface;
-       /* signal name */
-       char *dbus_signal;
-
-       /* number of signal arguments */
-       int args_num;
-       /* array of arguments */
-       struct wpa_dbus_argument args[0];
-};
-
-
-/**
- * struct wpa_dbus_property_desc - DBus property description
- */
-struct wpa_dbus_property_desc {
-       /* pointer to next description in list */
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *next;
-
-       /* property interface */
-       char *dbus_interface;
-       /* property name */
-       char *dbus_property;
-       /* property type signature in DBus type notation */
-       char *type;
-
-       /* property access permissions */
-       enum dbus_prop_access access;
-
-       /* property getter function */
-       WPADBusPropertyAccessor getter;
-       /* property setter function */
-       WPADBusPropertyAccessor setter;
-};
-
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO
-#include <libxml/tree.h>
 
-struct interfaces {
-       struct interfaces *next;
-       char *dbus_interface;
-       xmlNodePtr interface_node;
-};
-#endif /* CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO */
-
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO
-
-/**
- * extract_interfaces - Extract interfaces from methods, signals and props
- * @obj_dsc: Description of object from which interfaces will be extracted
- * @root_node: root node of XML introspection document
- * Returns: List of interfaces found in object description
- *
- * Iterates over all methods, signals and properties registered with
- * object and collects all declared DBus interfaces and create interface's
- * node in XML root node for each. Returned list elements contains interface
- * name and XML node of corresponding interface.
- */
-static struct interfaces * extract_interfaces(
-       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc, xmlNodePtr root_node)
+static dbus_bool_t fill_dict_with_properties(
+       DBusMessageIter *dict_iter,
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *props,
+       const char *interface, void *user_data, DBusError *error)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *signal_dsc = obj_dsc->signals;
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc = obj_dsc->properties;
-       struct interfaces *head = NULL;
-       struct interfaces *iface, *last;
-       int len;
-
-       /* extract interfaces from methods */
-       while (method_dsc) {
-               iface = head;
-               last = NULL;
-
-               /* go to next method if its interface is already extracted */
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      method_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       last = iface;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (iface) {
-                       method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
+       DBusMessageIter entry_iter;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc;
 
-               iface = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct interfaces));
-               if (!iface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                               "interface introspection data");
-                       method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
+       for (dsc = props; dsc && dsc->dbus_property; dsc++) {
+               /* Only return properties for the requested D-Bus interface */
+               if (os_strncmp(dsc->dbus_interface, interface,
+                              WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX) != 0)
                        continue;
-               }
-
-               if (last)
-                       last->next = iface;
-               else
-                       head = iface;
-
-               len = os_strlen(method_dsc->dbus_interface) + 1;
-               iface->dbus_interface = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!iface->dbus_interface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                                  "interface introspection data (interface "
-                                  "name)");
-                       method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
-               os_strncpy(iface->dbus_interface, method_dsc->dbus_interface,
-                          len);
-
-               iface->interface_node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL,
-                                                   BAD_CAST "interface",
-                                                   NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(iface->interface_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST method_dsc->dbus_interface);
-
-               method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* extract interfaces from signals */
-       while (signal_dsc) {
-               iface = head;
-               last = NULL;
-
-               /* go to next signal if its interface is already extracted */
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      signal_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       last = iface;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (iface) {
-                       signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
 
-               iface = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct interfaces));
-               if (!iface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                                  "interface introspection data");
-                       signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
+               /* Skip write-only properties */
+               if (dsc->getter == NULL)
                        continue;
-               }
 
-               if (last)
-                       last->next = iface;
-               else
-                       head = iface;
-
-               len = os_strlen(signal_dsc->dbus_interface) + 1;
-               iface->dbus_interface = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!iface->dbus_interface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                                  "interface introspection data (interface "
-                                  "name)");
-                       signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
+               if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(dict_iter,
+                                                     DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY,
+                                                     NULL, &entry_iter) ||
+                   !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&entry_iter,
+                                                   DBUS_TYPE_STRING,
+                                                   &dsc->dbus_property))
+                       goto error;
+
+               /* An error getting a property fails the request entirely */
+               if (!dsc->getter(dsc, &entry_iter, error, user_data)) {
+                       wpa_printf(MSG_INFO,
+                                  "dbus: %s dbus_interface=%s dbus_property=%s getter failed",
+                                  __func__, dsc->dbus_interface,
+                                  dsc->dbus_property);
+                       return FALSE;
                }
-               os_strncpy(iface->dbus_interface, signal_dsc->dbus_interface,
-                          len);
-
-               iface->interface_node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL,
-                                                   BAD_CAST "interface",
-                                                   NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(iface->interface_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST signal_dsc->dbus_interface);
 
-               signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
+               if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(dict_iter, &entry_iter))
+                       goto error;
        }
 
-       /* extract interfaces from properties */
-       while (property_dsc) {
-               iface = head;
-               last = NULL;
-
-               /* go to next property if its interface is already extracted */
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      property_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       last = iface;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (iface) {
-                       property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               iface = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct interfaces));
-               if (!iface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                                  "interface introspection data");
-                       property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (last)
-                       last->next = iface;
-               else
-                       head = iface;
-
-               len = os_strlen(property_dsc->dbus_interface) + 1;
-               iface->dbus_interface = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!iface->dbus_interface) {
-                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Not enough memory to create "
-                                  "interface introspection data (interface "
-                                  "name)");
-                       property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-                       continue;
-               }
-               os_strncpy(iface->dbus_interface, property_dsc->dbus_interface,
-                          len);
+       return TRUE;
 
-               iface->interface_node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL,
-                                                   BAD_CAST "interface",
-                                                   NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(iface->interface_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST property_dsc->dbus_interface);
-
-               property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       return head;
-}
-
-
-/**
- * introspect - Responds for Introspect calls on object
- * @message: Message with Introspect call
- * @obj_dsc: Object description on which Introspect was called
- * Returns: Message with introspection result XML string as only argument
- *
- * Iterates over all methods, signals and properties registered with
- * object and generates introspection data for the object as XML string.
- */
-static DBusMessage * introspect(DBusMessage *message,
-                               struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
-{
-
-       DBusMessage *reply;
-       struct interfaces *ifaces, *tmp;
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *signal_dsc;
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc;
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc;
-       xmlChar *intro_str;
-       char **children;
-       int i, s;
-
-       xmlDocPtr doc = NULL;
-       xmlNodePtr root_node = NULL, node = NULL, iface_node = NULL;
-       xmlNodePtr method_node = NULL, signal_node = NULL;
-       xmlNodePtr property_node = NULL, arg_node = NULL;
-
-       /* root node and dtd */
-       doc = xmlNewDoc(BAD_CAST "1.0");
-       root_node = xmlNewNode(NULL, BAD_CAST "node");
-       xmlDocSetRootElement(doc, root_node);
-       xmlCreateIntSubset(doc, BAD_CAST "node",
-                          BAD_CAST DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER,
-                          BAD_CAST DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_SYSTEM_IDENTIFIER);
-
-       /* Add Introspectable interface */
-       iface_node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "interface", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(iface_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_INTROSPECTION_INTERFACE);
-
-       /* Add Introspect method */
-       method_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "method", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(method_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_INTROSPECTION_METHOD);
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "data");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "out");
-
-
-       /* Add Properties interface */
-       iface_node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL,
-                                BAD_CAST "interface", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(iface_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE);
-
-       /* Add Get method */
-       method_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "method", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(method_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_GET);
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "interface");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "propname");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "value");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "v");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "out");
-       method_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "method", NULL);
-
-       /* Add GetAll method */
-       xmlNewProp(method_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_GETALL);
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "interface");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "props");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "a{sv}");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "out");
-       method_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "method", NULL);
-
-       /* Add Set method */
-       xmlNewProp(method_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                  BAD_CAST WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_SET);
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "interface");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "propname");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "s");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST "value");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type", BAD_CAST "v");
-       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction", BAD_CAST "in");
-
-       /* get all interfaces registered with object */
-       ifaces = extract_interfaces(obj_dsc, root_node);
-
-       /* create methods' nodes */
-       method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
-       while (method_dsc) {
-
-               struct interfaces *iface = ifaces;
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      method_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (!iface)
-                       continue;
-
-               iface_node = iface->interface_node;
-               method_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "method",
-                                         NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(method_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST method_dsc->dbus_method);
-
-               /* create args' nodes */
-               for (i = 0; i < method_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       struct wpa_dbus_argument arg = method_dsc->args[i];
-                       arg_node = xmlNewChild(method_node, NULL,
-                                              BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-                       if (arg.name && strlen(arg.name)) {
-                               xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                                          BAD_CAST arg.name);
-                       }
-                       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type",
-                                  BAD_CAST arg.type);
-                       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "direction",
-                                  BAD_CAST (arg.dir == ARG_IN ?
-                                            "in" : "out"));
-               }
-               method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* create signals' nodes */
-       signal_dsc = obj_dsc->signals;
-       while (signal_dsc) {
-
-               struct interfaces *iface = ifaces;
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      signal_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (!iface)
-                       continue;
-
-               iface_node = iface->interface_node;
-               signal_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "signal",
-                                         NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(signal_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST signal_dsc->dbus_signal);
-
-               /* create args' nodes */
-               for (i = 0; i < signal_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       struct wpa_dbus_argument arg = signal_dsc->args[i];
-                       arg_node = xmlNewChild(signal_node, NULL,
-                                              BAD_CAST "arg", NULL);
-                       if (arg.name && strlen(arg.name)) {
-                               xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                                          BAD_CAST arg.name);
-                       }
-                       xmlNewProp(arg_node, BAD_CAST "type",
-                                  BAD_CAST arg.type);
-               }
-               signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* create properties' nodes */
-       property_dsc = obj_dsc->properties;
-       while (property_dsc) {
-
-               struct interfaces *iface = ifaces;
-               while (iface) {
-                       if (!os_strcmp(iface->dbus_interface,
-                                      property_dsc->dbus_interface))
-                               break;
-                       iface = iface->next;
-               }
-               if (!iface)
-                       continue;
-
-               iface_node = iface->interface_node;
-               property_node = xmlNewChild(iface_node, NULL,
-                                           BAD_CAST "property", NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(property_node, BAD_CAST "name",
-                          BAD_CAST property_dsc->dbus_property);
-               xmlNewProp(property_node, BAD_CAST "type",
-                          BAD_CAST property_dsc->type);
-               xmlNewProp(property_node, BAD_CAST "access", BAD_CAST
-                          (property_dsc->access == R ? "read" :
-                           (property_dsc->access == W ?
-                            "write" : "readwrite")));
-
-               property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* add child nodes to introspection tree; */
-       dbus_connection_list_registered(obj_dsc->connection,
-                                       dbus_message_get_path(message),
-                                       &children);
-       for (i = 0; children[i]; i++) {
-               node = xmlNewChild(root_node, NULL, BAD_CAST "node", NULL);
-               xmlNewProp(node, BAD_CAST "name", BAD_CAST children[i]);
-       }
-       dbus_free_string_array(children);
-
-
-       xmlDocDumpFormatMemory(doc, &intro_str, &s, 1);
-
-       xmlFreeDoc(doc);
-
-       while (ifaces) {
-               tmp = ifaces;
-               ifaces = ifaces->next;
-               os_free(tmp->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(tmp);
-       }
-
-       reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
-       if (reply == NULL) {
-               xmlFree(intro_str);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       dbus_message_append_args(reply, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &intro_str,
-                                DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
-
-       xmlFree(intro_str);
-
-       return reply;
-}
-
-#else /* CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO */
-
-/**
- * introspect - Responds for Introspect calls on object
- * @message: Message with Introspect call
- * @obj_dsc: Object description on which Introspect was called
- * Returns: Message with introspection result XML string as only argument
- *
- * Returns error informing that introspection support was not compiled.
- */
-static DBusMessage * introspect(DBusMessage *message,
-                               struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
-{
-       return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_METHOD,
-                                     "wpa_supplicant was compiled without "
-                                     "introspection support.");
-}
-
-#endif /* CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO */
-
-
-/**
- * recursive_iter_copy - Reads arguments from one iterator and
- * writes to another recursively
- * @from: iterator to read from
- * @to: iterator to write to
- *
- * Copies one iterator's elements to another. If any element in
- * iterator is of container type, its content is copied recursively
- */
-static void recursive_iter_copy(DBusMessageIter *from, DBusMessageIter *to)
-{
-
-       char *subtype = NULL;
-       int type;
-
-       /* iterate over iterator to copy */
-       while ((type = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type (from)) !=
-              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID) {
-
-               /* simply copy basic type entries */
-               if (dbus_type_is_basic(type)) {
-                       if (dbus_type_is_fixed(type)) {
-                               /*
-                                * According to DBus documentation all
-                                * fixed-length types are guaranteed to fit
-                                * 8 bytes
-                                */
-                               dbus_uint64_t v;
-                               dbus_message_iter_get_basic (from, &v);
-                               dbus_message_iter_append_basic (to, type, &v);
-                       } else {
-                               char *v;
-                               dbus_message_iter_get_basic (from, &v);
-                               dbus_message_iter_append_basic (to, type, &v);
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       /* recursively copy container type entries */
-                       DBusMessageIter write_subiter, read_subiter;
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_recurse(from, &read_subiter);
-
-                       if (type == DBUS_TYPE_VARIANT ||
-                           type == DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-                               subtype = dbus_message_iter_get_signature(
-                                       &read_subiter);
-                       }
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_open_container(to, type, subtype,
-                                                        &write_subiter);
-
-                       recursive_iter_copy(&read_subiter, &write_subiter);
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_close_container(to, &write_subiter);
-                       if (subtype)
-                               dbus_free(subtype);
-               }
-
-               dbus_message_iter_next(from);
-       }
-}
-
-
-static unsigned int fill_dict_with_properties(
-       DBusMessageIter *dict_iter, struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *props,
-       const char *interface, const void *user_data)
-{
-       DBusMessage *reply;
-       DBusMessageIter entry_iter, ret_iter;
-       unsigned int counter = 0;
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc;
-
-       for (property_dsc = props; property_dsc;
-            property_dsc = property_dsc->next) {
-               if (!os_strncmp(property_dsc->dbus_interface, interface,
-                               WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX) &&
-                   property_dsc->access != W && property_dsc->getter) {
-                       reply = property_dsc->getter(NULL, user_data);
-                       if (!reply)
-                               continue;
-
-                       if (dbus_message_get_type(reply) ==
-                           DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR) {
-                               dbus_message_unref(reply);
-                               continue;
-                       }
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &ret_iter);
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_open_container(dict_iter,
-                                                        DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY,
-                                                        NULL, &entry_iter);
-                       dbus_message_iter_append_basic(
-                               &entry_iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING,
-                               &(property_dsc->dbus_property));
-
-                       recursive_iter_copy(&ret_iter, &entry_iter);
-
-                       dbus_message_iter_close_container(dict_iter,
-                                                         &entry_iter);
-                       dbus_message_unref(reply);
-                       counter++;
-               }
-       }
-
-       return counter;
+error:
+       dbus_set_error_const(error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY, "no memory");
+       return FALSE;
 }
 
 
@@ -665,35 +78,37 @@ static unsigned int fill_dict_with_properties(
  * specified as argument. Returned message contains one dict argument
  * with properties names as keys and theirs values as values.
  */
-static DBusMessage * get_all_properties(
-       DBusMessage *message, char *interface,
-       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
+static DBusMessage * get_all_properties(DBusMessage *message, char *interface,
+                                       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
 {
-       /* Create and initialize the return message */
-       DBusMessage *reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+       DBusMessage *reply;
        DBusMessageIter iter, dict_iter;
-       int props_num;
-
-       dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+       DBusError error;
 
-       dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
-                                        DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_BEGIN_CHAR_AS_STRING
-                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING_AS_STRING
-                                        DBUS_TYPE_VARIANT_AS_STRING
-                                        DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_END_CHAR_AS_STRING,
-                                        &dict_iter);
+       reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+       if (reply == NULL)
+               return wpas_dbus_error_no_memory(message);
 
-       props_num = fill_dict_with_properties(&dict_iter,obj_dsc->properties,
-                                             interface, obj_dsc->user_data);
+       dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+       if (!wpa_dbus_dict_open_write(&iter, &dict_iter)) {
+               dbus_message_unref(reply);
+               return wpas_dbus_error_no_memory(message);
+       }
 
-       dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &dict_iter);
+       dbus_error_init(&error);
+       if (!fill_dict_with_properties(&dict_iter, obj_dsc->properties,
+                                      interface, obj_dsc->user_data, &error)) {
+               dbus_message_unref(reply);
+               reply = wpas_dbus_reply_new_from_error(
+                       message, &error, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
+                       "No readable properties in this interface");
+               dbus_error_free(&error);
+               return reply;
+       }
 
-       if (props_num == 0) {
+       if (!wpa_dbus_dict_close_write(&iter, &dict_iter)) {
                dbus_message_unref(reply);
-               reply = dbus_message_new_error(message,
-                                              DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
-                                              "No readable properties in "
-                                              "this interface");
+               return wpas_dbus_error_no_memory(message);
        }
 
        return reply;
@@ -701,23 +116,24 @@ static DBusMessage * get_all_properties(
 
 
 static int is_signature_correct(DBusMessage *message,
-                               struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc)
+                               const struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc)
 {
        /* According to DBus documentation max length of signature is 255 */
 #define MAX_SIG_LEN 256
        char registered_sig[MAX_SIG_LEN], *pos;
        const char *sig = dbus_message_get_signature(message);
-       int i, ret;
+       int ret;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_argument *arg;
 
        pos = registered_sig;
        *pos = '\0';
 
-       for (i = 0; i < method_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-               struct wpa_dbus_argument arg = method_dsc->args[i];
-               if (arg.dir == ARG_IN) {
+       for (arg = method_dsc->args; arg && arg->name; arg++) {
+               if (arg->dir == ARG_IN) {
                        size_t blen = registered_sig + MAX_SIG_LEN - pos;
-                       ret = os_snprintf(pos, blen, "%s", arg.type);
-                       if (ret < 0 || (size_t) ret >= blen)
+
+                       ret = os_snprintf(pos, blen, "%s", arg->type);
+                       if (os_snprintf_error(blen, ret))
                                return 0;
                        pos += ret;
                }
@@ -739,34 +155,75 @@ static DBusMessage * properties_get_all(DBusMessage *message, char *interface,
 
 
 static DBusMessage * properties_get(DBusMessage *message,
-                                   struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc,
+                                   const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc,
                                    void *user_data)
 {
-       if (os_strcmp(dbus_message_get_signature(message), "ss"))
+       DBusMessage *reply;
+       DBusMessageIter iter;
+       DBusError error;
+
+       if (os_strcmp(dbus_message_get_signature(message), "ss")) {
                return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
                                              NULL);
+       }
+
+       if (dsc->getter == NULL) {
+               return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
+                                             "Property is write-only");
+       }
 
-       if (dsc->access != W && dsc->getter)
-               return dsc->getter(message, user_data);
+       reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+       dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
 
-       return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
-                                     "Property is write-only");
+       dbus_error_init(&error);
+       if (dsc->getter(dsc, &iter, &error, user_data) == FALSE) {
+               dbus_message_unref(reply);
+               reply = wpas_dbus_reply_new_from_error(
+                       message, &error, DBUS_ERROR_FAILED,
+                       "Failed to read property");
+               dbus_error_free(&error);
+       }
+
+       return reply;
 }
 
 
 static DBusMessage * properties_set(DBusMessage *message,
-                                   struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc,
+                                   const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc,
                                    void *user_data)
 {
-       if (os_strcmp(dbus_message_get_signature(message), "ssv"))
+       DBusMessage *reply;
+       DBusMessageIter iter;
+       DBusError error;
+
+       if (os_strcmp(dbus_message_get_signature(message), "ssv")) {
                return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
                                              NULL);
+       }
+
+       if (dsc->setter == NULL) {
+               return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
+                                             "Property is read-only");
+       }
+
+       dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter);
+       /* Skip the interface name and the property name */
+       dbus_message_iter_next(&iter);
+       dbus_message_iter_next(&iter);
 
-       if (dsc->access != R && dsc->setter)
-               return dsc->setter(message, user_data);
+       /* Iter will now point to the property's new value */
+       dbus_error_init(&error);
+       if (dsc->setter(dsc, &iter, &error, user_data) == TRUE) {
+               /* Success */
+               reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+       } else {
+               reply = wpas_dbus_reply_new_from_error(
+                       message, &error, DBUS_ERROR_FAILED,
+                       "Failed to set property");
+               dbus_error_free(&error);
+       }
 
-       return dbus_message_new_error(message, DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
-                                     "Property is read-only");
+       return reply;
 }
 
 
@@ -775,7 +232,7 @@ properties_get_or_set(DBusMessage *message, DBusMessageIter *iter,
                      char *interface,
                      struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc;
        char *property;
        const char *method;
 
@@ -790,7 +247,7 @@ properties_get_or_set(DBusMessage *message, DBusMessageIter *iter,
        }
        dbus_message_iter_get_basic(iter, &property);
 
-       while (property_dsc) {
+       while (property_dsc && property_dsc->dbus_property) {
                /* compare property names and
                 * interfaces */
                if (!os_strncmp(property_dsc->dbus_property, property,
@@ -799,9 +256,9 @@ properties_get_or_set(DBusMessage *message, DBusMessageIter *iter,
                                WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX))
                        break;
 
-               property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
+               property_dsc++;
        }
-       if (property_dsc == NULL) {
+       if (property_dsc == NULL || property_dsc->dbus_property == NULL) {
                wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "no property handler for %s.%s on %s",
                           interface, property,
                           dbus_message_get_path(message));
@@ -810,10 +267,13 @@ properties_get_or_set(DBusMessage *message, DBusMessageIter *iter,
        }
 
        if (os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_GET, method,
-                      WPAS_DBUS_METHOD_SIGNAL_PROP_MAX) == 0)
+                      WPAS_DBUS_METHOD_SIGNAL_PROP_MAX) == 0) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_MSGDUMP, "%s: Get(%s)", __func__, property);
                return properties_get(message, property_dsc,
                                      obj_dsc->user_data);
+       }
 
+       wpa_printf(MSG_MSGDUMP, "%s: Set(%s)", __func__, property);
        return properties_set(message, property_dsc, obj_dsc->user_data);
 }
 
@@ -835,8 +295,7 @@ static DBusMessage * properties_handler(DBusMessage *message,
            !os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_GETALL, method,
                        WPAS_DBUS_METHOD_SIGNAL_PROP_MAX)) {
                /* First argument: interface name (DBUS_TYPE_STRING) */
-               if (dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&iter) != DBUS_TYPE_STRING)
-               {
+               if (dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&iter) != DBUS_TYPE_STRING) {
                        return dbus_message_new_error(message,
                                                      DBUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
                                                      NULL);
@@ -861,7 +320,7 @@ static DBusMessage * properties_handler(DBusMessage *message,
 static DBusMessage * msg_method_handler(DBusMessage *message,
                                        struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
        const char *method;
        const char *msg_interface;
 
@@ -869,7 +328,7 @@ static DBusMessage * msg_method_handler(DBusMessage *message,
        msg_interface = dbus_message_get_interface(message);
 
        /* try match call to any registered method */
-       while (method_dsc) {
+       while (method_dsc && method_dsc->dbus_method) {
                /* compare method names and interfaces */
                if (!os_strncmp(method_dsc->dbus_method, method,
                                WPAS_DBUS_METHOD_SIGNAL_PROP_MAX) &&
@@ -877,9 +336,9 @@ static DBusMessage * msg_method_handler(DBusMessage *message,
                                WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX))
                        break;
 
-               method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
+               method_dsc++;
        }
-       if (method_dsc == NULL) {
+       if (method_dsc == NULL || method_dsc->dbus_method == NULL) {
                wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "no method handler for %s.%s on %s",
                           msg_interface, method,
                           dbus_message_get_path(message));
@@ -892,8 +351,7 @@ static DBusMessage * msg_method_handler(DBusMessage *message,
                                              NULL);
        }
 
-       return method_dsc->method_handler(message,
-                                         obj_dsc->user_data);
+       return method_dsc->method_handler(message, obj_dsc->user_data);
 }
 
 
@@ -928,16 +386,23 @@ static DBusHandlerResult message_handler(DBusConnection *connection,
        if (!method || !path || !msg_interface)
                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
 
-       wpa_printf(MSG_MSGDUMP, "dbus: %s.%s (%s)",
-                  msg_interface, method, path);
+       wpa_printf(MSG_MSGDUMP, "dbus: %s.%s (%s) [%s]",
+                  msg_interface, method, path,
+                  dbus_message_get_signature(message));
 
        /* if message is introspection method call */
        if (!os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_INTROSPECTION_METHOD, method,
                        WPAS_DBUS_METHOD_SIGNAL_PROP_MAX) &&
            !os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_INTROSPECTION_INTERFACE, msg_interface,
-                       WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX))
-               reply = introspect(message, obj_dsc);
-       else if (!os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE, msg_interface,
+                       WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX)) {
+#ifdef CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO
+               reply = wpa_dbus_introspect(message, obj_dsc);
+#else /* CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO */
+               reply = dbus_message_new_error(
+                       message, DBUS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_METHOD,
+                       "wpa_supplicant was compiled without introspection support.");
+#endif /* CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_INTRO */
+       } else if (!os_strncmp(WPA_DBUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE, msg_interface,
                             WPAS_DBUS_INTERFACE_MAX)) {
                /* if message is properties method call */
                reply = properties_handler(message, obj_dsc);
@@ -953,6 +418,9 @@ static DBusHandlerResult message_handler(DBusConnection *connection,
                        dbus_connection_send(connection, reply, NULL);
                dbus_message_unref(reply);
        }
+
+       wpa_dbus_flush_all_changed_properties(connection);
+
        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
 }
 
@@ -967,68 +435,15 @@ static DBusHandlerResult message_handler(DBusConnection *connection,
  */
 void free_dbus_object_desc(struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc, *tmp_met_dsc;
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *signal_dsc, *tmp_sig_dsc;
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc, *tmp_prop_dsc;
-       int i;
-
        if (!obj_dsc)
                return;
 
-       /* free methods */
-       method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
-
-       while (method_dsc) {
-               tmp_met_dsc = method_dsc;
-               method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-
-               os_free(tmp_met_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(tmp_met_dsc->dbus_method);
-
-               for (i = 0; i < tmp_met_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       os_free(tmp_met_dsc->args[i].name);
-                       os_free(tmp_met_dsc->args[i].type);
-               }
-
-               os_free(tmp_met_dsc);
-       }
-
-       /* free signals */
-       signal_dsc = obj_dsc->signals;
-
-       while (signal_dsc) {
-               tmp_sig_dsc = signal_dsc;
-               signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
-
-               os_free(tmp_sig_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(tmp_sig_dsc->dbus_signal);
-
-               for (i = 0; i < tmp_sig_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       os_free(tmp_sig_dsc->args[i].name);
-                       os_free(tmp_sig_dsc->args[i].type);
-               }
-
-               os_free(tmp_sig_dsc);
-       }
-
-       /* free properties */
-       property_dsc = obj_dsc->properties;
-
-       while (property_dsc) {
-               tmp_prop_dsc = property_dsc;
-               property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-
-               os_free(tmp_prop_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(tmp_prop_dsc->dbus_property);
-               os_free(tmp_prop_dsc->type);
-
-               os_free(tmp_prop_dsc);
-       }
-
        /* free handler's argument */
        if (obj_dsc->user_data_free_func)
                obj_dsc->user_data_free_func(obj_dsc->user_data);
 
+       os_free(obj_dsc->path);
+       os_free(obj_dsc->prop_changed_flags);
        os_free(obj_dsc);
 }
 
@@ -1038,6 +453,7 @@ static void free_dbus_object_desc_cb(DBusConnection *connection, void *obj_dsc)
        free_dbus_object_desc(obj_dsc);
 }
 
+
 /**
  * wpa_dbus_ctrl_iface_init - Initialize dbus control interface
  * @application_data: Pointer to application specific data structure
@@ -1062,35 +478,31 @@ int wpa_dbus_ctrl_iface_init(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
        };
 
        obj_desc->connection = iface->con;
+       obj_desc->path = os_strdup(dbus_path);
 
        /* Register the message handler for the global dbus interface */
-       if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(iface->con,
-                                                 dbus_path, &wpa_vtable,
-                                                 obj_desc)) {
-               perror("dbus_connection_register_object_path[dbus]");
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Could not set up DBus message "
-                          "handler.");
+       if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(iface->con, dbus_path,
+                                                 &wpa_vtable, obj_desc)) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "dbus: Could not set up message handler");
                return -1;
        }
 
        /* Register our service with the message bus */
        dbus_error_init(&error);
-       switch (dbus_bus_request_name(iface->con, dbus_service,
-                                     0, &error)) {
+       switch (dbus_bus_request_name(iface->con, dbus_service, 0, &error)) {
        case DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER:
                ret = 0;
                break;
        case DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_EXISTS:
        case DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_IN_QUEUE:
        case DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_ALREADY_OWNER:
-               perror("dbus_bus_request_name[dbus]");
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Could not request DBus service name: "
-                          "already registered.");
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: Could not request service name: already registered");
                break;
        default:
-               perror("dbus_bus_request_name[dbus]");
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Could not request DBus service name: "
-                          "%s %s.", error.name, error.message);
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: Could not request service name: %s %s",
+                          error.name, error.message);
                break;
        }
        dbus_error_free(&error);
@@ -1114,13 +526,12 @@ int wpa_dbus_ctrl_iface_init(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
  *
  * Registers a new interface with dbus and assigns it a dbus object path.
  */
-int wpa_dbus_register_object_per_iface(
-       struct wpas_dbus_priv *ctrl_iface,
-       const char *path, const char *ifname,
-       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc)
+int wpa_dbus_register_object_per_iface(struct wpas_dbus_priv *ctrl_iface,
+                                      const char *path, const char *ifname,
+                                      struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc)
 {
        DBusConnection *con;
-
+       DBusError error;
        DBusObjectPathVTable vtable = {
                &free_dbus_object_desc_cb, &message_handler,
                NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
@@ -1132,21 +543,31 @@ int wpa_dbus_register_object_per_iface(
 
        con = ctrl_iface->con;
        obj_desc->connection = con;
+       obj_desc->path = os_strdup(path);
 
+       dbus_error_init(&error);
        /* Register the message handler for the interface functions */
-       if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(con, path, &vtable,
-                                                 obj_desc)) {
-               perror("wpa_dbus_register_iface [dbus]");
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Could not set up DBus message "
-                          "handler for interface %s\n"
-                          "and object %s.", ifname, path);
+       if (!dbus_connection_try_register_object_path(con, path, &vtable,
+                                                     obj_desc, &error)) {
+               if (os_strcmp(error.name, DBUS_ERROR_OBJECT_PATH_IN_USE) == 0) {
+                       wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "dbus: %s", error.message);
+               } else {
+                       wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                                  "dbus: Could not set up message handler for interface %s object %s (error: %s message: %s)",
+                                  ifname, path, error.name, error.message);
+               }
+               dbus_error_free(&error);
                return -1;
        }
 
+       dbus_error_free(&error);
        return 0;
 }
 
 
+static void flush_object_timeout_handler(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx);
+
+
 /**
  * wpa_dbus_unregister_object_per_iface - Unregisters DBus object
  * @ctrl_iface: Pointer to dbus private data
@@ -1159,6 +580,18 @@ int wpa_dbus_unregister_object_per_iface(
        struct wpas_dbus_priv *ctrl_iface, const char *path)
 {
        DBusConnection *con = ctrl_iface->con;
+       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc = NULL;
+
+       dbus_connection_get_object_path_data(con, path, (void **) &obj_desc);
+       if (!obj_desc) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: %s: Could not obtain object's private data: %s",
+                          __func__, path);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       eloop_cancel_timeout(flush_object_timeout_handler, con, obj_desc);
+
        if (!dbus_connection_unregister_object_path(con, path))
                return -1;
 
@@ -1166,430 +599,288 @@ int wpa_dbus_unregister_object_per_iface(
 }
 
 
-/**
- * wpa_dbus_method_register - Registers DBus method for given object
- * @obj_dsc: Object description for which a method will be registered
- * @dbus_interface: DBus interface under which method will be registered
- * @dbus_method: a name the method will be registered with
- * @method_handler: a function which will be called to handle this method call
- * @args: method arguments list
- * Returns: Zero on success and -1 on failure
- *
- * Registers DBus method under given name and interface for the object.
- * Method calls will be handled with given handling function.
- * Handler function is required to return a DBusMessage pointer which
- * will be response to method call. Any method call before being handled
- * must have registered appropriate handler by using this function.
- */
-int wpa_dbus_method_register(struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc,
-                            const char *dbus_interface,
-                            const char *dbus_method,
-                            WPADBusMethodHandler method_handler,
-                            const struct wpa_dbus_argument args[])
+static dbus_bool_t put_changed_properties(
+       const struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc, const char *interface,
+       DBusMessageIter *dict_iter, int clear_changed)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *method_dsc = obj_dsc->methods;
-       struct wpa_dbus_method_desc *prev_desc;
-       int args_num = 0;
-       int interface_len, method_len, i, len, error;
-
-       prev_desc = NULL;
-       while (method_dsc) {
-               prev_desc = method_dsc;
-               method_dsc = method_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* count args */
-       if (args) {
-               while (args[args_num].name && args[args_num].type)
-                       args_num++;
-       }
+       DBusMessageIter entry_iter;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc;
+       int i;
+       DBusError error;
 
-       method_dsc = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct wpa_dbus_method_desc) +
-                              args_num * sizeof(struct wpa_dbus_argument));
-       if (!method_dsc)
-               goto err;
-
-       if (prev_desc == NULL)
-               obj_dsc->methods = method_dsc;
-       else
-               prev_desc->next = method_dsc;
-
-       /* copy interface name */
-       interface_len = os_strlen(dbus_interface) + 1;
-       method_dsc->dbus_interface = os_malloc(interface_len);
-       if (!method_dsc->dbus_interface)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(method_dsc->dbus_interface, dbus_interface, interface_len);
-
-       /* copy method name */
-       method_len = os_strlen(dbus_method) + 1;
-       method_dsc->dbus_method = os_malloc(method_len);
-       if (!method_dsc->dbus_method)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(method_dsc->dbus_method, dbus_method, method_len);
-
-       /* copy arguments */
-       error = 0;
-       method_dsc->args_num = args_num;
-       for (i = 0; i < args_num; i++) {
-               len = os_strlen(args[i].name) + 1;
-               method_dsc->args[i].name = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!method_dsc->args[i].name) {
-                       error = 1;
+       for (dsc = obj_dsc->properties, i = 0; dsc && dsc->dbus_property;
+            dsc++, i++) {
+               if (obj_dsc->prop_changed_flags == NULL ||
+                   !obj_dsc->prop_changed_flags[i])
                        continue;
-               }
-               os_strncpy(method_dsc->args[i].name, args[i].name, len);
-
-               len = os_strlen(args[i].type) + 1;
-               method_dsc->args[i].type = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!method_dsc->args[i].type) {
-                       error = 1;
+               if (os_strcmp(dsc->dbus_interface, interface) != 0)
                        continue;
+               if (clear_changed)
+                       obj_dsc->prop_changed_flags[i] = 0;
+
+               if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(dict_iter,
+                                                     DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY,
+                                                     NULL, &entry_iter) ||
+                   !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&entry_iter,
+                                                   DBUS_TYPE_STRING,
+                                                   &dsc->dbus_property))
+                       return FALSE;
+
+               dbus_error_init(&error);
+               if (!dsc->getter(dsc, &entry_iter, &error, obj_dsc->user_data))
+               {
+                       if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
+                               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                                          "dbus: %s: Cannot get new value of property %s: (%s) %s",
+                                          __func__, dsc->dbus_property,
+                                          error.name, error.message);
+                       } else {
+                               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                                          "dbus: %s: Cannot get new value of property %s",
+                                          __func__, dsc->dbus_property);
+                       }
+                       dbus_error_free(&error);
+                       return FALSE;
                }
-               os_strncpy(method_dsc->args[i].type, args[i].type, len);
 
-               method_dsc->args[i].dir = args[i].dir;
+               if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(dict_iter, &entry_iter))
+                       return FALSE;
        }
-       if (error)
-               goto err;
 
-       method_dsc->method_handler = method_handler;
-       method_dsc->next = NULL;
+       return TRUE;
+}
 
-       return 0;
 
-err:
-       wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Failed to register dbus method %s in "
-                  "interface %s", dbus_method, dbus_interface);
-       if (method_dsc) {
-               os_free(method_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(method_dsc->dbus_method);
-               for (i = 0; i < method_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       os_free(method_dsc->args[i].name);
-                       os_free(method_dsc->args[i].type);
-               }
+static void do_send_prop_changed_signal(
+       DBusConnection *con, const char *path, const char *interface,
+       const struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
+{
+       DBusMessage *msg;
+       DBusMessageIter signal_iter, dict_iter;
 
-               if (prev_desc == NULL)
-                       obj_dsc->methods = NULL;
-               else
-                       prev_desc->next = NULL;
+       msg = dbus_message_new_signal(path, DBUS_INTERFACE_PROPERTIES,
+                                     "PropertiesChanged");
+       if (msg == NULL)
+               return;
 
-               os_free(method_dsc);
+       dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &signal_iter);
+
+       if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&signal_iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING,
+                                           &interface) ||
+           /* Changed properties dict */
+           !dbus_message_iter_open_container(&signal_iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
+                                             "{sv}", &dict_iter) ||
+           !put_changed_properties(obj_dsc, interface, &dict_iter, 0) ||
+           !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&signal_iter, &dict_iter) ||
+           /* Invalidated properties array (empty) */
+           !dbus_message_iter_open_container(&signal_iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
+                                             "s", &dict_iter) ||
+           !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&signal_iter, &dict_iter)) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "dbus: %s: Failed to construct signal",
+                          __func__);
+       } else {
+               dbus_connection_send(con, msg, NULL);
        }
 
-       return -1;
+       dbus_message_unref(msg);
 }
 
 
-/**
- * wpa_dbus_signal_register - Registers DBus signal for given object
- * @obj_dsc: Object description for which a signal will be registered
- * @dbus_interface: DBus interface under which signal will be registered
- * @dbus_signal: a name the signal will be registered with
- * @args: signal arguments list
- * Returns: Zero on success and -1 on failure
- *
- * Registers DBus signal under given name and interface for the object.
- * Signal registration is NOT required in order to send signals, but not
- * registered signals will not be respected in introspection data
- * therefore it is highly recommended to register every signal before
- * using it.
- */
-int wpa_dbus_signal_register(struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc,
-                            const char *dbus_interface,
-                            const char *dbus_signal,
-                            const struct wpa_dbus_argument args[])
+static void do_send_deprecated_prop_changed_signal(
+       DBusConnection *con, const char *path, const char *interface,
+       const struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
 {
+       DBusMessage *msg;
+       DBusMessageIter signal_iter, dict_iter;
 
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *signal_dsc = obj_dsc->signals;
-       struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc *prev_desc;
-       int args_num = 0;
-       int interface_len, signal_len, i, len, error = 0;
-
-       prev_desc = NULL;
-       while (signal_dsc) {
-               prev_desc = signal_dsc;
-               signal_dsc = signal_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       /* count args */
-       if (args) {
-               while (args[args_num].name && args[args_num].type)
-                       args_num++;
-       }
+       msg = dbus_message_new_signal(path, interface, "PropertiesChanged");
+       if (msg == NULL)
+               return;
 
-       signal_dsc = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct wpa_dbus_signal_desc) +
-                              args_num * sizeof(struct wpa_dbus_argument));
-       if (!signal_dsc)
-               goto err;
-
-       if (prev_desc == NULL)
-               obj_dsc->signals = signal_dsc;
-       else
-               prev_desc->next = signal_dsc;
-
-       /* copy interface name */
-       interface_len = strlen(dbus_interface) + 1;
-       signal_dsc->dbus_interface = os_malloc(interface_len);
-       if (!signal_dsc->dbus_interface)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(signal_dsc->dbus_interface, dbus_interface, interface_len);
-
-       /* copy signal name */
-       signal_len = strlen(dbus_signal) + 1;
-       signal_dsc->dbus_signal = os_malloc(signal_len);
-       if (!signal_dsc->dbus_signal)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(signal_dsc->dbus_signal, dbus_signal, signal_len);
-
-       /* copy arguments */
-       signal_dsc->args_num = args_num;
-       for (i = 0; i < args_num; i++) {
-               len = os_strlen(args[i].name) + 1;
-               signal_dsc->args[i].name = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!signal_dsc->args[i].name) {
-                       error = 1;
-                       continue;
-               }
-               os_strncpy(signal_dsc->args[i].name, args[i].name, len);
+       dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &signal_iter);
 
-               len = strlen(args[i].type) + 1;
-               signal_dsc->args[i].type = os_malloc(len);
-               if (!signal_dsc->args[i].type) {
-                       error = 1;
-                       continue;
-               }
-               os_strncpy(signal_dsc->args[i].type, args[i].type, len);
+       if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&signal_iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
+                                             "{sv}", &dict_iter) ||
+           !put_changed_properties(obj_dsc, interface, &dict_iter, 1) ||
+           !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&signal_iter, &dict_iter)) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "dbus: %s: Failed to construct signal",
+                          __func__);
+       } else {
+               dbus_connection_send(con, msg, NULL);
        }
-       if (error)
-               goto err;
 
-       signal_dsc->next = NULL;
+       dbus_message_unref(msg);
+}
 
-       return 0;
 
-err:
-       wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Failed to register dbus signal %s in "
-                  "interface %s", dbus_signal, dbus_interface);
-       if (signal_dsc) {
-               os_free(signal_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(signal_dsc->dbus_signal);
-               for (i = 0; i < signal_dsc->args_num; i++) {
-                       os_free(signal_dsc->args[i].name);
-                       os_free(signal_dsc->args[i].type);
-               }
+static void send_prop_changed_signal(
+       DBusConnection *con, const char *path, const char *interface,
+       const struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc)
+{
+       /*
+        * First, send property change notification on the standardized
+        * org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties interface. This call will not
+        * clear the property change bits, so that they are preserved for
+        * the call that follows.
+        */
+       do_send_prop_changed_signal(con, path, interface, obj_dsc);
+
+       /*
+        * Now send PropertiesChanged on our own interface for backwards
+        * compatibility. This is deprecated and will be removed in a future
+        * release.
+        */
+       do_send_deprecated_prop_changed_signal(con, path, interface, obj_dsc);
+
+       /* Property change bits have now been cleared. */
+}
 
-               if (prev_desc == NULL)
-                       obj_dsc->signals = NULL;
-               else
-                       prev_desc->next = NULL;
 
-               os_free(signal_dsc);
-       }
+static void flush_object_timeout_handler(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx)
+{
+       DBusConnection *con = eloop_ctx;
+       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc = timeout_ctx;
 
-       return -1;
+       wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG,
+                  "dbus: %s: Timeout - sending changed properties of object %s",
+                  __func__, obj_desc->path);
+       wpa_dbus_flush_object_changed_properties(con, obj_desc->path);
 }
 
 
-/**
- * wpa_dbus_property_register - Registers DBus property for given object
- * @obj_dsc: Object description for which a property will be registered
- * @dbus_interface: DBus interface under which method will be registered
- * @dbus_property: a name the property will be registered with
- * @type: a property type signature in form of DBus type description
- * @getter: a function called in order to get property value
- * @setter: a function called in order to set property value
- * @access: property access permissions specifier (R, W or RW)
- * Returns: Zero on success and -1 on failure
- *
- * Registers DBus property under given name and interface for the object.
- * Properties are set with giver setter function and get with getter.Getter
- * or setter are required to return DBusMessage which is response to Set/Get
- * method calls. Every property must be registered by this function before
- * being used.
- */
-int wpa_dbus_property_register(struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_dsc,
-                              const char *dbus_interface,
-                              const char *dbus_property,
-                              const char *type,
-                              WPADBusPropertyAccessor getter,
-                              WPADBusPropertyAccessor setter,
-                              enum dbus_prop_access _access)
+static void recursive_flush_changed_properties(DBusConnection *con,
+                                              const char *path)
 {
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *property_dsc = obj_dsc->properties;
-       struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *prev_desc;
-       int interface_len, property_len, type_len;
-
-       prev_desc = NULL;
-       while (property_dsc) {
-               prev_desc = property_dsc;
-               property_dsc = property_dsc->next;
-       }
-
-       property_dsc = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct wpa_dbus_property_desc));
-       if (!property_dsc)
-               goto err;
-
-       if (prev_desc == NULL)
-               obj_dsc->properties = property_dsc;
-       else
-               prev_desc->next = property_dsc;
-
-       /* copy interface name */
-       interface_len = os_strlen(dbus_interface) + 1;
-       property_dsc->dbus_interface = os_malloc(interface_len);
-       if (!property_dsc->dbus_interface)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(property_dsc->dbus_interface, dbus_interface,
-                  interface_len);
-
-       /* copy property name */
-       property_len = os_strlen(dbus_property) + 1;
-       property_dsc->dbus_property = os_malloc(property_len);
-       if (!property_dsc->dbus_property)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(property_dsc->dbus_property, dbus_property, property_len);
-
-       /* copy property type */
-       type_len = os_strlen(type) + 1;
-       property_dsc->type = os_malloc(type_len);
-       if (!property_dsc->type)
-               goto err;
-       os_strncpy(property_dsc->type, type, type_len);
-
-       property_dsc->getter = getter;
-       property_dsc->setter = setter;
-       property_dsc->access = _access;
-       property_dsc->next = NULL;
-
-       return 0;
+       char **objects = NULL;
+       char subobj_path[WPAS_DBUS_OBJECT_PATH_MAX];
+       int i;
 
-err:
-       wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Failed to register dbus property %s in "
-                  "interface %s", dbus_property, dbus_interface);
-       if (property_dsc) {
-               os_free(property_dsc->dbus_interface);
-               os_free(property_dsc->dbus_property);
-               os_free(property_dsc->type);
+       wpa_dbus_flush_object_changed_properties(con, path);
 
-               if (prev_desc == NULL)
-                       obj_dsc->properties = NULL;
-               else
-                       prev_desc->next = NULL;
+       if (!dbus_connection_list_registered(con, path, &objects))
+               goto out;
 
-               os_free(property_dsc);
+       for (i = 0; objects[i]; i++) {
+               os_snprintf(subobj_path, WPAS_DBUS_OBJECT_PATH_MAX,
+                           "%s/%s", path, objects[i]);
+               recursive_flush_changed_properties(con, subobj_path);
        }
 
-       return -1;
+out:
+       dbus_free_string_array(objects);
 }
 
 
 /**
- * wpas_dbus_signal_network_added - Send a property changed signal
- * @iface: dbus priv struct
- * @property_getter: propperty getter used to fetch new property value
- * @getter_arg: argument passed to property getter
- * @path: path to object which property has changed
- * @interface_name: signal and property interface
- * @property_name: name of property which has changed
+ * wpa_dbus_flush_all_changed_properties - Send all PropertiesChanged signals
+ * @con: DBus connection
  *
- * Notify listeners about changing value of some property. Signal
- * contains property name and its value fetched using given property
- * getter.
+ * Traverses through all registered objects and sends PropertiesChanged for
+ * each properties.
  */
-void wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
-                                     WPADBusPropertyAccessor property_getter,
-                                     void *getter_arg,
-                                     const char *path,
-                                     const char *interface_name,
-                                     const char *property_name)
+void wpa_dbus_flush_all_changed_properties(DBusConnection *con)
 {
+       recursive_flush_changed_properties(con, WPAS_DBUS_NEW_PATH);
+}
 
-       DBusConnection *connection;
-       DBusMessage *_signal, *getter_reply;
-       DBusMessageIter prop_iter, signal_iter, dict_iter, entry_iter;
 
-       if (!iface)
-               return;
-       connection = iface->con;
+/**
+ * wpa_dbus_flush_object_changed_properties - Send PropertiesChanged for object
+ * @con: DBus connection
+ * @path: path to a DBus object for which PropertiesChanged will be sent.
+ *
+ * Iterates over all properties registered with object and for each interface
+ * containing properties marked as changed, sends a PropertiesChanged signal
+ * containing names and new values of properties that have changed.
+ *
+ * You need to call this function after wpa_dbus_mark_property_changed()
+ * if you want to send PropertiesChanged signal immediately (i.e., without
+ * waiting timeout to expire). PropertiesChanged signal for an object is sent
+ * automatically short time after first marking property as changed. All
+ * PropertiesChanged signals are sent automatically after responding on DBus
+ * message, so if you marked a property changed as a result of DBus call
+ * (e.g., param setter), you usually do not need to call this function.
+ */
+void wpa_dbus_flush_object_changed_properties(DBusConnection *con,
+                                             const char *path)
+{
+       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc = NULL;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc;
+       int i;
 
-       if (!property_getter) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: property getter not specified");
+       dbus_connection_get_object_path_data(con, path, (void **) &obj_desc);
+       if (!obj_desc)
                return;
-       }
+       eloop_cancel_timeout(flush_object_timeout_handler, con, obj_desc);
 
-       if (!path || !interface_name || !property_name) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: path interface of property not specified");
-               return;
+       for (dsc = obj_desc->properties, i = 0; dsc && dsc->dbus_property;
+            dsc++, i++) {
+               if (obj_desc->prop_changed_flags == NULL ||
+                   !obj_desc->prop_changed_flags[i])
+                       continue;
+               send_prop_changed_signal(con, path, dsc->dbus_interface,
+                                        obj_desc);
        }
+}
 
-       getter_reply = property_getter(NULL, getter_arg);
-       if (!getter_reply ||
-           dbus_message_get_type(getter_reply) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: cannot get new value of property %s",
-                          property_name);
-               return;
-       }
 
-       _signal = dbus_message_new_signal(path, interface_name,
-                                         "PropertiesChanged");
-       if (!_signal) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: cannot allocate signal");
-               dbus_message_unref(getter_reply);
-               return;
-       }
+#define WPA_DBUS_SEND_PROP_CHANGED_TIMEOUT 5000
 
-       dbus_message_iter_init(getter_reply, &prop_iter);
-       dbus_message_iter_init_append(_signal, &signal_iter);
 
-       if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&signal_iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
-                                             "{sv}", &dict_iter)) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: out of memory. cannot open dictionary");
-               goto err;
-       }
+/**
+ * wpa_dbus_mark_property_changed - Mark a property as changed and
+ * @iface: dbus priv struct
+ * @path: path to DBus object which property has changed
+ * @interface: interface containing changed property
+ * @property: property name which has changed
+ *
+ * Iterates over all properties registered with an object and marks the one
+ * given in parameters as changed. All parameters registered for an object
+ * within a single interface will be aggregated together and sent in one
+ * PropertiesChanged signal when function
+ * wpa_dbus_flush_object_changed_properties() is called.
+ */
+void wpa_dbus_mark_property_changed(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
+                                   const char *path, const char *interface,
+                                   const char *property)
+{
+       struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc = NULL;
+       const struct wpa_dbus_property_desc *dsc;
+       int i = 0;
 
-       if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&dict_iter, DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY,
-                                             NULL, &entry_iter)) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "iwpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: out of memory. cannot open dictionary "
-                          "element");
-               goto err;
-       }
+       if (iface == NULL)
+               return;
 
-       if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&entry_iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING,
-                                           &property_name)) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: out of memory. cannot open add property "
-                          "name");
-               goto err;
+       dbus_connection_get_object_path_data(iface->con, path,
+                                            (void **) &obj_desc);
+       if (!obj_desc) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: wpa_dbus_property_changed: could not obtain object's private data: %s",
+                          path);
+               return;
        }
 
-       recursive_iter_copy(&prop_iter, &entry_iter);
+       for (dsc = obj_desc->properties; dsc && dsc->dbus_property; dsc++, i++)
+               if (os_strcmp(property, dsc->dbus_property) == 0 &&
+                   os_strcmp(interface, dsc->dbus_interface) == 0) {
+                       if (obj_desc->prop_changed_flags)
+                               obj_desc->prop_changed_flags[i] = 1;
+                       break;
+               }
 
-       if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&dict_iter, &entry_iter)) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: out of memory. cannot close dictionary "
-                          "element");
-               goto err;
+       if (!dsc || !dsc->dbus_property) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: wpa_dbus_property_changed: no property %s in object %s",
+                          property, path);
+               return;
        }
 
-       if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&signal_iter, &dict_iter)) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "wpa_dbus_signal_property_changed"
-                          "[dbus]: out of memory. cannot close dictionary");
-               goto err;
+       if (!eloop_is_timeout_registered(flush_object_timeout_handler,
+                                        iface->con, obj_desc)) {
+               eloop_register_timeout(0, WPA_DBUS_SEND_PROP_CHANGED_TIMEOUT,
+                                      flush_object_timeout_handler,
+                                      iface->con, obj_desc);
        }
-
-       dbus_connection_send(connection, _signal, NULL);
-
-err:
-       dbus_message_unref(getter_reply);
-       dbus_message_unref(_signal);
-
 }
 
 
@@ -1598,27 +889,135 @@ err:
  * @iface: dbus priv struct
  * @path: path to DBus object which properties will be obtained
  * @interface: interface name which properties will be obtained
- * @dict_iter: correct, open DBus dictionary iterator.
+ * @iter: DBus message iter at which to append property dictionary.
  *
  * Iterates over all properties registered with object and execute getters
  * of those, which are readable and which interface matches interface
  * specified as argument. Obtained properties values are stored in
  * dict_iter dictionary.
  */
-void wpa_dbus_get_object_properties(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
-                                   const char *path, const char *interface,
-                                   DBusMessageIter *dict_iter)
+dbus_bool_t wpa_dbus_get_object_properties(struct wpas_dbus_priv *iface,
+                                          const char *path,
+                                          const char *interface,
+                                          DBusMessageIter *iter)
 {
        struct wpa_dbus_object_desc *obj_desc = NULL;
+       DBusMessageIter dict_iter;
+       DBusError error;
 
        dbus_connection_get_object_path_data(iface->con, path,
                                             (void **) &obj_desc);
        if (!obj_desc) {
-               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "dbus: wpa_dbus_get_object_properties: "
-                          "could not obtain object's private data: %s", path);
-               return;
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: %s: could not obtain object's private data: %s",
+                          __func__, path);
+               return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       if (!wpa_dbus_dict_open_write(iter, &dict_iter)) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "dbus: %s: failed to open message dict",
+                          __func__);
+               return FALSE;
        }
 
-       fill_dict_with_properties(dict_iter, obj_desc->properties,
-                                 interface, obj_desc->user_data);
+       dbus_error_init(&error);
+       if (!fill_dict_with_properties(&dict_iter, obj_desc->properties,
+                                      interface, obj_desc->user_data,
+                                      &error)) {
+               wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
+                          "dbus: %s: failed to get object properties: (%s) %s",
+                          __func__,
+                          dbus_error_is_set(&error) ? error.name : "none",
+                          dbus_error_is_set(&error) ? error.message : "none");
+               dbus_error_free(&error);
+               return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       return wpa_dbus_dict_close_write(iter, &dict_iter);
+}
+
+/**
+ * wpas_dbus_new_decompose_object_path - Decompose an interface object path into parts
+ * @path: The dbus object path
+ * @sep: Separating part (e.g., "Networks" or "PersistentGroups")
+ * @item: (out) The part following the specified separator, if any
+ * Returns: The object path of the interface this path refers to
+ *
+ * For a given object path, decomposes the object path into object id and
+ * requested part, if those parts exist. The caller is responsible for freeing
+ * the returned value. The *item pointer points to that allocated value and must
+ * not be freed separately.
+ *
+ * As an example, path = "/fi/w1/wpa_supplicant1/Interfaces/1/Networks/0" and
+ * sep = "Networks" would result in "/fi/w1/wpa_supplicant1/Interfaces/1"
+ * getting returned and *items set to point to "0".
+ */
+char * wpas_dbus_new_decompose_object_path(const char *path, const char *sep,
+                                          char **item)
+{
+       const unsigned int dev_path_prefix_len =
+               os_strlen(WPAS_DBUS_NEW_PATH_INTERFACES "/");
+       char *obj_path_only;
+       char *pos;
+       size_t sep_len;
+
+       *item = NULL;
+
+       /* Verify that this starts with our interface prefix */
+       if (os_strncmp(path, WPAS_DBUS_NEW_PATH_INTERFACES "/",
+                      dev_path_prefix_len) != 0)
+               return NULL; /* not our path */
+
+       /* Ensure there's something at the end of the path */
+       if ((path + dev_path_prefix_len)[0] == '\0')
+               return NULL;
+
+       obj_path_only = os_strdup(path);
+       if (obj_path_only == NULL)
+               return NULL;
+
+       pos = obj_path_only + dev_path_prefix_len;
+       pos = os_strchr(pos, '/');
+       if (pos == NULL)
+               return obj_path_only; /* no next item on the path */
+
+        /* Separate network interface prefix from the path */
+       *pos++ = '\0';
+
+       sep_len = os_strlen(sep);
+       if (os_strncmp(pos, sep, sep_len) != 0 || pos[sep_len] != '/')
+               return obj_path_only; /* no match */
+
+        /* return a pointer to the requested item */
+       *item = pos + sep_len + 1;
+       return obj_path_only;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * wpas_dbus_reply_new_from_error - Create a new D-Bus error message from a
+ *   dbus error structure
+ * @message: The original request message for which the error is a reply
+ * @error: The error containing a name and a descriptive error cause
+ * @fallback_name: A generic error name if @error was not set
+ * @fallback_string: A generic error string if @error was not set
+ * Returns: A new D-Bus error message
+ *
+ * Given a DBusMessage structure, creates a new D-Bus error message using
+ * the error name and string contained in that structure.
+ */
+DBusMessage * wpas_dbus_reply_new_from_error(DBusMessage *message,
+                                            DBusError *error,
+                                            const char *fallback_name,
+                                            const char *fallback_string)
+{
+       if (error && error->name && error->message) {
+               return dbus_message_new_error(message, error->name,
+                                             error->message);
+       }
+       if (fallback_name && fallback_string) {
+               return dbus_message_new_error(message, fallback_name,
+                                             fallback_string);
+       }
+       return NULL;
 }