+.. _apiref:
+
*************
API Reference
*************
in each source file.
-All constants are prefixed ``JSON_`` and other identifiers with
-``json_``. Type names are suffixed with ``_t`` and ``typedef``\ 'd so
-that the ``struct`` keyword need not be used.
+All constants are prefixed with ``JSON_`` (except for those describing
+the library version, prefixed with ``JANSSON_``). Other identifiers
+are prefixed with ``json_``. Type names are suffixed with ``_t`` and
+``typedef``\ 'd so that the ``struct`` keyword need not be used.
+
+
+Library Version
+===============
+
+The Jansson version is of the form *A.B.C*, where *A* is the major
+version, *B* is the minor version and *C* is the micro version. If the
+micro version is zero, it's omitted from the version string, i.e. the
+version string is just *A.B*.
+
+When a new release only fixes bugs and doesn't add new features or
+functionality, the micro version is incremented. When new features are
+added in a backwards compatible way, the minor version is incremented
+and the micro version is set to zero. When there are backwards
+incompatible changes, the major version is incremented and others are
+set to zero.
+
+The following preprocessor constants specify the current version of
+the library:
+
+``JANSSON_VERSION_MAJOR``, ``JANSSON_VERSION_MINOR``, ``JANSSON_VERSION_MICRO``
+ Integers specifying the major, minor and micro versions,
+ respectively.
+
+``JANSSON_VERSION``
+ A string representation of the current version, e.g. ``"1.2.1"`` or
+ ``"1.3"``.
+
+``JANSSON_VERSION_HEX``
+ A 3-byte hexadecimal representation of the version, e.g.
+ ``0x010201`` for version 1.2.1 and ``0x010300`` for version 1.3.
+ This is useful in numeric comparisions, e.g.::
+
+ #if JANSSON_VERSION_HEX >= 0x010300
+ /* Code specific to version 1.3 and above */
+ #endif
Value Representation
also dynamic in nature. There's one C type to represent all JSON
values, and this structure knows the type of the JSON value it holds.
-.. ctype:: json_t
+.. type:: json_t
This data structure is used throughout the library to represent all
JSON values. It always contains the type of the JSON value it holds
and the value's reference count. The rest depends on the type of the
value.
-Objects of :ctype:`json_t` are always used through a pointer. There
+Objects of :type:`json_t` are always used through a pointer. There
are APIs for querying the type, manipulating the reference count, and
for constructing and manipulating values of different types.
The type of a JSON value is queried and tested using the following
functions:
-.. ctype:: enum json_type
+.. type:: enum json_type
The type of a JSON value. The following members are defined:
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_OBJECT` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_ARRAY` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_STRING` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_INTEGER` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_REAL` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_TRUE` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_FALSE` |
- +-------------------------+
- | :const:`JSON_NULL` |
- +-------------------------+
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_OBJECT`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_ARRAY`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_STRING`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_INTEGER`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_REAL`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_TRUE`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_FALSE`` |
+ +--------------------+
+ | ``JSON_NULL`` |
+ +--------------------+
These correspond to JSON object, array, string, number, boolean and
null. A number is represented by either a value of the type
- :const:`JSON_INTEGER` or of the type :const:`JSON_REAL`. A true
- boolean value is represented by a value of the type
- :const:`JSON_TRUE` and false by a value of the type
- :const:`JSON_FALSE`.
+ ``JSON_INTEGER`` or of the type ``JSON_REAL``. A true boolean value
+ is represented by a value of the type ``JSON_TRUE`` and false by a
+ value of the type ``JSON_FALSE``.
-.. cfunction:: int json_typeof(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: int json_typeof(const json_t *json)
- Return the type of the JSON value (a :ctype:`json_type` cast to
- :ctype:`int`). *json* MUST NOT be *NULL*. This function is actually
+ Return the type of the JSON value (a :type:`json_type` cast to
+ :type:`int`). *json* MUST NOT be *NULL*. This function is actually
implemented as a macro for speed.
-.. cfunction:: json_is_object(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_is_object(const json_t *json)
json_is_array(const json_t *json)
json_is_string(const json_t *json)
json_is_integer(const json_t *json)
of the given type, and false (zero) for values of other types and
for *NULL*.
-.. cfunction:: json_is_number(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_is_number(const json_t *json)
- Returns true for values of types :const:`JSON_INTEGER` and
- :const:`JSON_REAL`, and false for other types and for *NULL*.
+ Returns true for values of types ``JSON_INTEGER`` and
+ ``JSON_REAL``, and false for other types and for *NULL*.
-.. cfunction:: json_is_boolean(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_is_boolean(const json_t *json)
- Returns true for types :const:`JSON_TRUE` and :const:`JSON_FALSE`,
- and false for values of other types and for *NULL*.
+ Returns true for types ``JSON_TRUE`` and ``JSON_FALSE``, and false
+ for values of other types and for *NULL*.
+.. _apiref-reference-count:
+
Reference Count
---------------
The following functions are used to manipulate the reference count.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_incref(json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_t *json_incref(json_t *json)
Increment the reference count of *json* if it's not non-*NULL*.
Returns *json*.
-.. cfunction:: void json_decref(json_t *json)
+.. function:: void json_decref(json_t *json)
Decrement the reference count of *json*. As soon as a call to
- :cfunc:`json_decref()` drops the reference count to zero, the value
+ :func:`json_decref()` drops the reference count to zero, the value
is destroyed and it can no longer be used.
Functions creating new JSON values set the reference count to 1. These
returning (existing) JSON values do not normally increase the
reference count. These functions are said to return a **borrowed
reference**. So, if the user will hold a reference to a value returned
-as a borrowed reference, he must call :cfunc:`json_incref`. As soon as
-the value is no longer needed, :cfunc:`json_decref` should be called
+as a borrowed reference, he must call :func:`json_incref`. As soon as
+the value is no longer needed, :func:`json_decref` should be called
to release the reference.
Normally, all functions accepting a JSON value as an argument will
-nmanage the reference, i.e. increase and decrease the reference count
+manage the reference, i.e. increase and decrease the reference count
as needed. However, some functions **steal** the reference, i.e. they
-have the same result as if the user called :cfunc:`json_decref()` on
-the argument right after calling the function. These are usually
-convenience functions for adding new references to containers and not
-to worry about the reference count.
+have the same result as if the user called :func:`json_decref()` on
+the argument right after calling the function. These functions are
+suffixed with ``_new`` or have ``_new_`` somewhere in their name.
+
+For example, the following code creates a new JSON array and appends
+an integer to it::
+
+ json_t *array, *integer;
+
+ array = json_array();
+ integer = json_integer(42);
+
+ json_array_append(array, integer);
+ json_decref(integer);
+
+Note how the caller has to release the reference to the integer value
+by calling :func:`json_decref()`. By using a reference stealing
+function :func:`json_array_append_new()` instead of
+:func:`json_array_append()`, the code becomes much simpler::
+
+ json_t *array = json_array();
+ json_array_append_new(array, json_integer(42));
+
+In this case, the user doesn't have to explicitly release the
+reference to the integer value, as :func:`json_array_append_new()`
+steals the reference when appending the value to the array.
In the following sections it is clearly documented whether a function
will return a new or borrowed reference or steal a reference to its
argument.
+Circular References
+-------------------
+
+A circular reference is created when an object or an array is,
+directly or indirectly, inserted inside itself. The direct case is
+simple::
+
+ json_t *obj = json_object();
+ json_object_set(obj, "foo", obj);
+
+Jansson will refuse to do this, and :func:`json_object_set()` (and
+all the other such functions for objects and arrays) will return with
+an error status. The indirect case is the dangerous one::
+
+ json_t *arr1 = json_array(), *arr2 = json_array();
+ json_array_append(arr1, arr2);
+ json_array_append(arr2, arr1);
+
+In this example, the array ``arr2`` is contained in the array
+``arr1``, and vice versa. Jansson cannot check for this kind of
+indirect circular references without a performance hit, so it's up to
+the user to avoid them.
+
+If a circular reference is created, the memory consumed by the values
+cannot be freed by :func:`json_decref()`. The reference counts never
+drops to zero because the values are keeping the references to each
+other. Moreover, trying to encode the values with any of the encoding
+functions will fail. The encoder detects circular references and
+returns an error status.
+
+
True, False and Null
====================
These values are implemented as singletons, so each of these functions
returns the same value each time.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_true(void)
+.. function:: json_t *json_true(void)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns the JSON true value.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_false(void)
+.. function:: json_t *json_false(void)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns the JSON false value.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_null(void)
+.. function:: json_t *json_null(void)
.. refcounting:: new
String
======
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_string(const char *value)
+Jansson uses UTF-8 as the character encoding. All JSON strings must be
+valid UTF-8 (or ASCII, as it's a subset of UTF-8). Normal null
+terminated C strings are used, so JSON strings may not contain
+embedded null characters. All other Unicode codepoints U+0001 through
+U+10FFFF are allowed.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_string(const char *value)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns a new JSON string, or *NULL* on error. *value* must be a
valid UTF-8 encoded Unicode string.
-.. cfunction:: const char *json_string_value(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_t *json_string_nocheck(const char *value)
+
+ .. refcounting:: new
+
+ Like :func:`json_string`, but doesn't check that *value* is valid
+ UTF-8. Use this function only if you are certain that this really
+ is the case (e.g. you have already checked it by other means).
- Returns the associated value of the JSON string *json* as a null
- terminated UTF-8 encoded string, or *NULL* if *json* is not a JSON
- string.
+.. function:: const char *json_string_value(const json_t *string)
+
+ Returns the associated value of *string* as a null terminated UTF-8
+ encoded string, or *NULL* if *string* is not a JSON string.
+
+ The retuned value is read-only and must not be modified or freed by
+ the user. It is valid as long as *string* exists, i.e. as long as
+ its reference count has not dropped to zero.
+
+.. function:: int json_string_set(const json_t *string, const char *value)
+
+ Sets the associated value of *string* to *value*. *value* must be a
+ valid UTF-8 encoded Unicode string. Returns 0 on success and -1 on
+ error.
+
+.. function:: int json_string_set_nocheck(const json_t *string, const char *value)
+
+ Like :func:`json_string_set`, but doesn't check that *value* is
+ valid UTF-8. Use this function only if you are certain that this
+ really is the case (e.g. you have already checked it by other
+ means).
Number
======
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_integer(int value)
+The JSON specification only contains one numeric type, "number". The C
+programming language has distinct types for integer and floating-point
+numbers, so for practical reasons Jansson also has distinct types for
+the two. They are called "integer" and "real", respectively. For more
+information, see :ref:`rfc-conformance`.
+
+.. type:: json_int_t
+
+ This is the C type that is used to store JSON integer values. It
+ represents the widest integer type available on your system. In
+ practice it's just a typedef of ``long long`` if your compiler
+ supports it, otherwise ``long``.
+
+ Usually, you can safely use plain ``int`` in place of
+ ``json_int_t``, and the implicit C integer conversion handles the
+ rest. Only when you know that you need the full 64-bit range, you
+ should use ``json_int_t`` explicitly.
+
+``JSON_INTEGER_IS_LONG_LONG``
+
+ This is a preprocessor variable that holds the value 1 if
+ :type:`json_int_t` is ``long long``, and 0 if it's ``long``. It
+ can be used as follows::
+
+ #if JSON_INTEGER_IS_LONG_LONG
+ /* Code specific for long long */
+ #else
+ /* Code specific for long */
+ #endif
+
+``JSON_INTEGER_FORMAT``
+
+ This is a macro that expands to a :func:`printf()` conversion
+ specifier that corresponds to :type:`json_int_t`, without the
+ leading ``%`` sign, i.e. either ``"lld"`` or ``"ld"``. This macro
+ is required because the actual type of :type:`json_int_t` can be
+ either ``long`` or ``long long``, and :func:`printf()` reuiqres
+ different length modifiers for the two.
+
+ Example::
+
+ json_int_t x = 123123123;
+ printf("x is %" JSON_INTEGER_FORMAT "\n", x);
+
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_integer(json_int_t value)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns a new JSON integer, or *NULL* on error.
-.. cfunction:: int json_integer_value(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: json_int_t json_integer_value(const json_t *integer)
- Returns the associated value the JSON integer *json*. If *json* is
- *NULL* or not a JSON integer, 0 is returned.
+ Returns the associated value of *integer*, or 0 if *json* is not a
+ JSON integer.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_real(double value)
+.. function:: int json_integer_set(const json_t *integer, json_int_t value)
+
+ Sets the associated value of *integer* to *value*. Returns 0 on
+ success and -1 if *integer* is not a JSON integer.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_real(double value)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns a new JSON real, or *NULL* on error.
-.. cfunction:: double json_real_value(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: double json_real_value(const json_t *real)
+
+ Returns the associated value of *real*, or 0.0 if *real* is not a
+ JSON real.
- Returns the associated value of the JSON real *json*. If *json* is
- *NULL* or not a JSON real, 0.0 is returned.
+.. function:: int json_real_set(const json_t *real, double value)
+
+ Sets the associated value of *real* to *value*. Returns 0 on
+ success and -1 if *real* is not a JSON real.
In addition to the functions above, there's a common query function
for integers and reals:
-.. cfunction:: double json_number_value(const json_t *json)
+.. function:: double json_number_value(const json_t *json)
Returns the associated value of the JSON integer or JSON real
*json*, cast to double regardless of the actual type. If *json* is
A JSON array is an ordered collection of other JSON values.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_array(void)
+.. function:: json_t *json_array(void)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns a new JSON array, or *NULL* on error. Initially, the array
is empty.
-.. cfunction:: unsigned int json_array_size(const json_t *array)
+.. function:: size_t json_array_size(const json_t *array)
Returns the number of elements in *array*, or 0 if *array* is NULL
or not a JSON array.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_array_get(const json_t *array, unsigned int index)
+.. function:: json_t *json_array_get(const json_t *array, size_t index)
.. refcounting:: borrow
Returns the element in *array* at position *index*. The valid range
for *index* is from 0 to the return value of
- :cfunc:`json_array_size()` minus 1. If *array* is not a JSON array,
+ :func:`json_array_size()` minus 1. If *array* is not a JSON array,
if *array* is *NULL*, or if *index* is out of range, *NULL* is
returned.
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_set(json_t *array, unsigned int index, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_set(json_t *array, size_t index, json_t *value)
Replaces the element in *array* at position *index* with *value*.
The valid range for *index* is from 0 to the return value of
- :cfunc:`json_array_size()` minus 1. Returns 0 on success and -1 on
+ :func:`json_array_size()` minus 1. Returns 0 on success and -1 on
error.
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_set_new(json_t *array, unsigned int index, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_set_new(json_t *array, size_t index, json_t *value)
- Like :cfunc:`json_array_set()` but steals the reference to *value*.
+ Like :func:`json_array_set()` but steals the reference to *value*.
This is useful when *value* is newly created and not used after
the call.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_append(json_t *array, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_append(json_t *array, json_t *value)
Appends *value* to the end of *array*, growing the size of *array*
by 1. Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_append_new(json_t *array, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_append_new(json_t *array, json_t *value)
- Like :cfunc:`json_array_append()` but steals the reference to
+ Like :func:`json_array_append()` but steals the reference to
*value*. This is useful when *value* is newly created and not used
after the call.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_insert(json_t *array, unsigned int index, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_insert(json_t *array, size_t index, json_t *value)
Inserts *value* to *array* at position *index*, shifting the
elements at *index* and after it one position towards the end of
the array. Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_insert_new(json_t *array, unsigned int index, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_array_insert_new(json_t *array, size_t index, json_t *value)
- Like :cfunc:`json_array_insert()` but steals the reference to
+ Like :func:`json_array_insert()` but steals the reference to
*value*. This is useful when *value* is newly created and not used
after the call.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_remove(json_t *array, unsigned int index)
+.. function:: int json_array_remove(json_t *array, size_t index)
Removes the element in *array* at position *index*, shifting the
elements after *index* one position towards the start of the array.
Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_clear(json_t *array)
+.. function:: int json_array_clear(json_t *array)
Removes all elements from *array*. Returns 0 on sucess and -1 on
error.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_array_extend(json_t *array, json_t *other_array)
+.. function:: int json_array_extend(json_t *array, json_t *other_array)
Appends all elements in *other_array* to the end of *array*.
Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
Object
======
A JSON object is a dictionary of key-value pairs, where the key is a
Unicode string and the value is any JSON value.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_object(void)
+.. function:: json_t *json_object(void)
.. refcounting:: new
Returns a new JSON object, or *NULL* on error. Initially, the
object is empty.
-.. cfunction:: unsigned int json_object_size(const json_t *object)
+.. function:: size_t json_object_size(const json_t *object)
Returns the number of elements in *object*, or 0 if *object* is not
a JSON object.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_object_get(const json_t *object, const char *key)
+.. function:: json_t *json_object_get(const json_t *object, const char *key)
.. refcounting:: borrow
Get a value corresponding to *key* from *object*. Returns *NULL* if
*key* is not found and on error.
-.. cfunction:: int json_object_set(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_object_set(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
Set the value of *key* to *value* in *object*. *key* must be a
valid null terminated UTF-8 encoded Unicode string. If there
already is a value for *key*, it is replaced by the new value.
Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
-.. cfunction:: int json_object_set_new(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
+.. function:: int json_object_set_nocheck(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
+
+ Like :func:`json_object_set`, but doesn't check that *key* is
+ valid UTF-8. Use this function only if you are certain that this
+ really is the case (e.g. you have already checked it by other
+ means).
- Like :cfunc:`json_object_set()` but steals the reference to
+.. function:: int json_object_set_new(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
+
+ Like :func:`json_object_set()` but steals the reference to
*value*. This is useful when *value* is newly created and not used
after the call.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
+.. function:: int json_object_set_new_nocheck(json_t *object, const char *key, json_t *value)
+
+ Like :func:`json_object_set_new`, but doesn't check that *key* is
+ valid UTF-8. Use this function only if you are certain that this
+ really is the case (e.g. you have already checked it by other
+ means).
-.. cfunction:: int json_object_del(json_t *object, const char *key)
+.. function:: int json_object_del(json_t *object, const char *key)
Delete *key* from *object* if it exists. Returns 0 on success, or
-1 if *key* was not found.
-.. cfunction:: int json_object_clear(json_t *object)
+.. function:: int json_object_clear(json_t *object)
Remove all elements from *object*. Returns 0 on success and -1 if
*object* is not a JSON object.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
-.. cfunction:: int json_object_update(json_t *object, json_t *other)
+.. function:: int json_object_update(json_t *object, json_t *other)
Update *object* with the key-value pairs from *other*, overwriting
existing keys. Returns 0 on success or -1 on error.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
-
The following functions implement an iteration protocol for objects:
-.. cfunction:: void *json_object_iter(json_t *object)
+.. function:: void *json_object_iter(json_t *object)
Returns an opaque iterator which can be used to iterate over all
key-value pairs in *object*, or *NULL* if *object* is empty.
-.. cfunction:: void *json_object_iter_next(json_t *object, void *iter)
+.. function:: void *json_object_iter_at(json_t *object, const char *key)
+
+ Like :func:`json_object_iter()`, but returns an iterator to the
+ key-value pair in *object* whose key is equal to *key*, or NULL if
+ *key* is not found in *object*. Iterating forward to the end of
+ *object* only yields all key-value pairs of the object if *key*
+ happens to be the first key in the underlying hash table.
+
+.. function:: void *json_object_iter_next(json_t *object, void *iter)
Returns an iterator pointing to the next key-value pair in *object*
after *iter*, or *NULL* if the whole object has been iterated
through.
-.. cfunction:: const char *json_object_iter_key(void *iter)
+.. function:: const char *json_object_iter_key(void *iter)
Extract the associated key from *iter*.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_object_iter_value(void *iter)
+.. function:: json_t *json_object_iter_value(void *iter)
.. refcounting:: borrow
Extract the associated value from *iter*.
+.. function:: int json_object_iter_set(json_t *object, void *iter, json_t *value)
+
+ Set the value of the key-value pair in *object*, that is pointed to
+ by *iter*, to *value*.
+
+.. function:: int json_object_iter_set_new(json_t *object, void *iter, json_t *value)
+
+ Like :func:`json_object_iter_set()`, but steals the reference to
+ *value*. This is useful when *value* is newly created and not used
+ after the call.
+
The iteration protocol can be used for example as follows::
/* obj is a JSON object */
}
+Error reporting
+===============
+
+Jansson uses a single struct type to pass error information to the
+user. See sections :ref:`apiref-decoding`, :ref:`apiref-pack` and
+:ref:`apiref-unpack` for functions that pass error information using
+this struct.
+
+.. type:: json_error_t
+
+ .. member:: char text[]
+
+ The error message (in UTF-8), or an empty string if a message is
+ not available.
+
+ .. member:: char source[]
+
+ Source of the error. This can be (a part of) the file name or a
+ special identifier in angle brackers (e.g. ``<string>``).
+
+ .. member:: int line
+
+ The line number on which the error occurred.
+
+ .. member:: int column
+
+ The column on which the error occurred. Note that this is the
+ *character column*, not the byte column, i.e. a multibyte UTF-8
+ character counts as one column.
+
+ .. member:: size_t position
+
+ The position in bytes from the start of the input. This is
+ useful for debugging Unicode encoding problems.
+
+The normal use of :type:`json_error_t` is to allocate it on the stack,
+and pass a pointer to a function. Example::
+
+ int main() {
+ json_t *json;
+ json_error_t error;
+
+ json = json_load_file("/path/to/file.json", 0, &error);
+ if(!json) {
+ /* the error variable contains error information */
+ }
+ ...
+ }
+
+Also note that if the call succeeded (``json != NULL`` in the above
+example), the contents of ``error`` are unspecified.
+
+All functions also accept *NULL* as the :type:`json_error_t` pointer,
+in which case no error information is returned to the caller.
+
+
Encoding
========
values to JSON. Only objects and arrays can be encoded, since they are
the only valid "root" values of a JSON text.
+By default, the output has no newlines, and spaces are used between
+array and object elements for a readable output. This behavior can be
+altered by using the ``JSON_INDENT`` and ``JSON_COMPACT`` flags
+described below. A newline is never appended to the end of the encoded
+JSON data.
+
Each function takes a *flags* parameter that controls some aspects of
how the data is encoded. Its default value is 0. The following macros
can be ORed together to obtain *flags*.
``JSON_INDENT(n)``
- Pretty-print the result, indenting arrays and objects by *n*
- spaces. The valid range for *n* is between 0 and 255, other values
- result in an undefined output. If ``JSON_INDENT`` is not used or
- *n* is 0, no pretty-printing is done and the result is a compact
- representation.
+ Pretty-print the result, using newlines between array and object
+ items, and indenting with *n* spaces. The valid range for *n* is
+ between 0 and 32, other values result in an undefined output. If
+ ``JSON_INDENT`` is not used or *n* is 0, no newlines are inserted
+ between array and object items.
+
+``JSON_COMPACT``
+ This flag enables a compact representation, i.e. sets the separator
+ between array and object items to ``","`` and between object keys
+ and values to ``":"``. Without this flag, the corresponding
+ separators are ``", "`` and ``": "`` for more readable output.
+
+``JSON_ENSURE_ASCII``
+ If this flag is used, the output is guaranteed to consist only of
+ ASCII characters. This is achived by escaping all Unicode
+ characters outside the ASCII range.
+
+``JSON_SORT_KEYS``
+ If this flag is used, all the objects in output are sorted by key.
+ This is useful e.g. if two JSON texts are diffed or visually
+ compared.
+
+``JSON_PRESERVE_ORDER``
+ If this flag is used, object keys in the output are sorted into the
+ same order in which they were first inserted to the object. For
+ example, decoding a JSON text and then encoding with this flag
+ preserves the order of object keys.
The following functions perform the actual JSON encoding. The result
is in UTF-8.
-.. cfunction:: char *json_dumps(const json_t *root, unsigned long flags)
+.. function:: char *json_dumps(const json_t *root, size_t flags)
Returns the JSON representation of *root* as a string, or *NULL* on
error. *flags* is described above. The return value must be freed
- by the caller using :cfunc:`free()`.
+ by the caller using :func:`free()`.
-.. cfunction:: int json_dumpf(const json_t *root, FILE *output, unsigned long flags)
+.. function:: int json_dumpf(const json_t *root, FILE *output, size_t flags)
Write the JSON representation of *root* to the stream *output*.
*flags* is described above. Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
+ If an error occurs, something may have already been written to
+ *output*. In this case, the output is undefined and most likely not
+ valid JSON.
-.. cfunction:: int json_dump_file(const json_t *json, const char *path, unsigned long flags)
+.. function:: int json_dump_file(const json_t *json, const char *path, size_t flags)
Write the JSON representation of *root* to the file *path*. If
*path* already exists, it is overwritten. *flags* is described
above. Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
+.. _apiref-decoding:
+
Decoding
========
text to the Jansson representation of JSON data. The JSON
specification requires that a JSON text is either a serialized array
or object, and this requirement is also enforced with the following
-functions.
+functions. In other words, the top level value in the JSON text being
+decoded must be either array or object.
+
+See :ref:`rfc-conformance` for a discussion on Jansson's conformance
+to the JSON specification. It explains many design decisions that
+affect especially the behavior of the decoder.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_loads(const char *input, size_t flags, json_error_t *error)
+
+ .. refcounting:: new
+
+ Decodes the JSON string *input* and returns the array or object it
+ contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is filled with
+ information about the error. *flags* is currently unused, and
+ should be set to 0.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_loadf(FILE *input, size_t flags, json_error_t *error)
-The only supported character encoding is UTF-8 (which ASCII is a
-subset of).
+ .. refcounting:: new
+
+ Decodes the JSON text in stream *input* and returns the array or
+ object it contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is
+ filled with information about the error. *flags* is currently
+ unused, and should be set to 0.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_load_file(const char *path, size_t flags, json_error_t *error)
+
+ .. refcounting:: new
+
+ Decodes the JSON text in file *path* and returns the array or
+ object it contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is
+ filled with information about the error. *flags* is currently
+ unused, and should be set to 0.
+
+
+.. _apiref-pack:
+
+Building values
+===============
-.. ctype:: json_error_t
+This sectinon describes functions that help to create, or *pack*,
+complex JSON values, especially nested objects and arrays. Value
+building is based on a *format string* that is used to tell the
+functions about the expected arguments.
- This data structure is used to return information on decoding
- errors from the decoding functions. Its definition is repeated
- here::
+For example, the format string ``"i"`` specifies a single integer
+value, while the format string ``"[ssb]"`` or the equivalent ``"[s, s,
+b]"`` specifies an array value with two integers and a boolean as its
+items::
- #define JSON_ERROR_TEXT_LENGTH 160
+ /* Create the JSON integer 42 */
+ json_pack("i", 42);
- typedef struct {
- char text[JSON_ERROR_TEXT_LENGTH];
- int line;
- } json_error_t;
+ /* Create the JSON array ["foo", "bar", true] */
+ json_pack("[ssb]", "foo", "bar", 1);
- *line* is the line number on which the error occurred, or -1 if
- this information is not available. *text* contains the error
- message (in UTF-8), or an empty string if a message is not
- available.
+Here's the full list of format characters. The type in parentheses
+denotes the resulting JSON type, and the type in brackets (if any)
+denotes the C type that is expected as the corresponding argument.
- The normal usef of :ctype:`json_error_t` is to allocate it normally
- on the stack, and pass a pointer to a decoding function. Example::
+``s`` (string) [const char \*]
+ Convert a NULL terminated UTF-8 string to a JSON string.
- int main() {
- json_t *json;
- json_error_t error;
+``n`` (null)
+ Output a JSON null value. No argument is consumed.
- json = json_load_file("/path/to/file.json", &error);
- if(!json) {
- /* the error variable contains error information */
- }
- ...
- }
+``b`` (boolean) [int]
+ Convert a C :type:`int` to JSON boolean value. Zero is converted
+ to ``false`` and non-zero to ``true``.
- Also note that if the decoding succeeded (``json != NULL`` in the
- above example), the contents of ``error`` are unspecified.
+``i`` (integer) [int]
+ Convert a C :type:`int` to JSON integer.
- All decoding functions also accept *NULL* as the
- :ctype:`json_error_t` pointer, in which case no error information
- is returned to the caller.
+``I`` (integer) [json_int_t]
+ Convert a C :type:`json_int_t` to JSON integer.
-The following functions perform the actual JSON decoding.
+``f`` (real) [double]
+ Convert a C :type:`double` to JSON real.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_loads(const char *input, json_error_t *error)
+``o`` (any value) [json_t \*]
+ Output any given JSON value as-is. If the value is added to an
+ array or object, the reference to the value passed to ``o`` is
+ stealed by the container.
+
+``O`` (any value) [json_t \*]
+ Like ``o``, but the argument's reference count is incremented.
+ This is useful if you pack into an array or object and want to
+ keep the reference for the JSON value consumed by ``O`` to
+ yourself.
+
+``[fmt]`` (array)
+ Build an array with contents from the inner format string. ``fmt``
+ may contain objects and arrays, i.e. recursive value building is
+ supported.
+
+``{fmt}`` (object)
+ Build an object with contents from the inner format string
+ ``fmt``. The first, third, etc. format character represent a key,
+ and must be ``s`` (as object keys are always strings). The second,
+ fourth, etc. format character represent a value. Any value may be
+ an object or array, i.e. recursive value building is supported.
+
+The following functions compose the value building API:
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_pack(const char *fmt, ...)
.. refcounting:: new
- Decodes the JSON string *input* and returns the array or object it
- contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is filled with
- information about the error. See above for discussion on the
- *error* parameter.
+ Build a new JSON value according to the format string *fmt*. For
+ each format character (except for ``{}[]n``), one argument is
+ consumed and used to build the corresponding value. Returns *NULL*
+ on error.
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_loadf(FILE *input, json_error_t *error)
+.. function:: json_t *json_pack_ex(json_error_t *error, size_t flags, const char *fmt, ...)
+ json_t *json_vpack_ex(json_error_t *error, size_t flags, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
.. refcounting:: new
- Decodes the JSON text in stream *input* and returns the array or
- object it contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is
- filled with information about the error. See above for discussion
- on the *error* parameter.
+ Like :func:`json_pack()`, but an in the case of an error, an error
+ message is written to *error*, if it's not *NULL*. The *flags*
+ parameter is currently unused and should be set to 0.
+
+ As only the errors in format string (and out-of-memory errors) can
+ be caught by the packer, these two functions are most likely only
+ useful for debugging format strings.
+
+More examples::
+
+ /* Build an empty JSON object */
+ json_pack("{}");
+
+ /* Build the JSON object {"foo": 42, "bar": 7} */
+ json_pack("{sisb}", "foo", 42, "bar", 7);
+
+ /* Like above, ':', ',' and whitespace are ignored */
+ json_pack("{s:i, s:b}", "foo", 42, "bar", 7);
+
+ /* Build the JSON array [[1, 2], {"cool": true}] */
+ json_pack("[[i,i],{s:b]]", 1, 2, "cool", 1);
+
+
+.. _apiref-unpack:
+
+Parsing and validating values
+=============================
+
+This sectinon describes functions that help to validate complex values
+and extract, or *unpack*, data from them. Like :ref:`building values
+<apiref-pack>`, this is also based on format strings.
+
+While a JSON value is unpacked, the type specified in the format
+string is checked to match that of the JSON value. This is the
+validation part of the process. In addition to this, the unpacking
+functions can also check that all items of arrays and objects are
+unpacked. This check be enabled with the format character ``!`` or by
+using the flag ``JSON_STRICT``. See below for details.
+
+Here's the full list of format characters. The type in parentheses
+denotes the JSON type, and the type in brackets (if any) denotes the C
+type whose address should be passed.
+
+``s`` (string) [const char \*]
+ Convert a JSON string to a pointer to a NULL terminated UTF-8
+ string.
+
+``n`` (null)
+ Expect a JSON null value. Nothing is extracted.
+
+``b`` (boolean) [int]
+ Convert a JSON boolean value to a C :type:`int`, so that ``true``
+ is converted to 1 and ``false`` to 0.
+
+``i`` (integer) [int]
+ Convert a JSON integer to C :type:`int`.
+
+``I`` (integer) [json_int_t]
+ Convert a JSON integer to C :type:`json_int_t`.
+
+``f`` (real) [double]
+ Convert a JSON real to C :type:`double`.
+
+``F`` (integer or real) [double]
+ Convert a JSON number (integer or real) to C :type:`double`.
+
+``o`` (any value) [json_t \*]
+ Store a JSON value with no conversion to a :type:`json_t` pointer.
+
+``O`` (any value) [json_t \*]
+ Like ``O``, but the JSON value's reference count is incremented.
+
+``[fmt]`` (array)
+ Convert each item in the JSON array according to the inner format
+ string. ``fmt`` may contain objects and arrays, i.e. recursive
+ value extraction is supporetd.
+
+``{fmt}`` (object)
+ Convert each item in the JSON object according to the inner format
+ string ``fmt``. The first, third, etc. format character represent
+ a key, and must be ``s``. The corresponding argument to unpack
+ functions is read as the object key. The second fourth, etc.
+ format character represent a value and is written to the address
+ given as the corresponding argument. **Note** that every other
+ argument is read from and every other is written to.
+
+ ``fmt`` may contain objects and arrays as values, i.e. recursive
+ value extraction is supporetd.
+
+``!``
+ This special format character is used to enable the check that
+ all object and array items are accessed, on a per-value basis. It
+ must appear inside an array or object as the last format character
+ before the closing bracket or brace. To enable the check globally,
+ use the ``JSON_STRICT`` unpacking flag.
+
+``*``
+ This special format character is the opposite of ``!``. If the
+ ``JSON_STRICT`` flag is used, ``*`` can be used to disable the
+ strict check on a per-value basis. It must appear inside an array
+ or object as the last format character before the closing bracket
+ or brace.
+
+The following functions compose the parsing and validation API:
+
+.. function:: int json_unpack(json_t *root, const char *fmt, ...)
+
+ Validate and unpack the JSON value *root* according to the format
+ string *fmt*. Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.
+
+.. function:: int json_unpack_ex(json_t *root, json_error_t *error, size_t flags, const char *fmt, ...)
+ int json_vunpack_ex(json_t *root, json_error_t *error, size_t flags, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
-.. cfunction:: json_t *json_load_file(const char *path, json_error_t *error)
+ Validate and unpack the JSON value *root* according to the format
+ string *fmt*. If an error occurs and *error* is not *NULL*, write
+ error information to *error*. *flags* can be used to control the
+ behaviour of the unpacker, see below for the flags. Returns 0 on
+ success and -1 on failure.
+
+The following unpacking flags are available:
+
+``JSON_STRICT``
+ Enable the extra validation step checking that all object and
+ array items are unpacked. This is equivalent to appending the
+ format character ``!`` to the end of every array and object in the
+ format string.
+
+``JSON_VALIDATE_ONLY``
+ Don't extract any data, just validate the JSON value against the
+ given format string. Note that object keys must still be specified
+ after the format string.
+
+Examples::
+
+ /* root is the JSON integer 42 */
+ int myint;
+ json_unpack(root, "i", &myint);
+ assert(myint == 42);
+
+ /* root is the JSON object {"foo": "bar", "quux": true} */
+ const char *str;
+ int boolean;
+ json_unpack(root, "{s:s, s:b}", "foo", &str, "quux", &boolean);
+ assert(strcmp(str, "bar") == 0 && boolean == 1);
+
+ /* root is the JSON array [[1, 2], {"baz": null} */
+ json_error_t error;
+ json_unpack_ex(root, &error, JSON_VALIDATE_ONLY, "[[i,i], {s:n}]", "baz");
+ /* returns 0 for validation success, nothing is extracted */
+
+ /* root is the JSON array [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] */
+ int myint1, myint2;
+ json_unpack(root, "[ii!]", &myint1, &myint2);
+ /* returns -1 for failed validation */
+
+
+Equality
+========
+
+Testing for equality of two JSON values cannot, in general, be
+achieved using the ``==`` operator. Equality in the terms of the
+``==`` operator states that the two :type:`json_t` pointers point to
+exactly the same JSON value. However, two JSON values can be equal not
+only if they are exactly the same value, but also if they have equal
+"contents":
+
+* Two integer or real values are equal if their contained numeric
+ values are equal. An integer value is never equal to a real value,
+ though.
+
+* Two strings are equal if their contained UTF-8 strings are equal,
+ byte by byte. Unicode comparison algorithms are not implemented.
+
+* Two arrays are equal if they have the same number of elements and
+ each element in the first array is equal to the corresponding
+ element in the second array.
+
+* Two objects are equal if they have exactly the same keys and the
+ value for each key in the first object is equal to the value of the
+ corresponding key in the second object.
+
+* Two true, false or null values have no "contents", so they are equal
+ if their types are equal. (Because these values are singletons,
+ their equality can actually be tested with ``==``.)
+
+The following function can be used to test whether two JSON values are
+equal.
+
+.. function:: int json_equal(json_t *value1, json_t *value2)
+
+ Returns 1 if *value1* and *value2* are equal, as defined above.
+ Returns 0 if they are inequal or one or both of the pointers are
+ *NULL*.
+
+
+Copying
+=======
+
+Because of reference counting, passing JSON values around doesn't
+require copying them. But sometimes a fresh copy of a JSON value is
+needed. For example, if you need to modify an array, but still want to
+use the original afterwards, you should take a copy of it first.
+
+Jansson supports two kinds of copying: shallow and deep. There is a
+difference between these methods only for arrays and objects. Shallow
+copying only copies the first level value (array or object) and uses
+the same child values in the copied value. Deep copying makes a fresh
+copy of the child values, too. Moreover, all the child values are deep
+copied in a recursive fashion.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_copy(json_t *value)
.. refcounting:: new
- Decodes the JSON text in file *path* and returns the array or
- object it contains, or *NULL* on error, in which case *error* is
- filled with information about the error. See above for discussion
- on the *error* parameter.
+ Returns a shallow copy of *value*, or *NULL* on error.
+
+.. function:: json_t *json_deep_copy(json_t *value)
+
+ .. refcounting:: new
+
+ Returns a deep copy of *value*, or *NULL* on error.
+
+
+Custom memory allocation
+========================
+
+By default, Jansson uses :func:`malloc()` and :func:`free()` for
+memory allocation. These functions can be overridden if custom
+behavior is needed.
+
+.. type:: json_malloc_t
+
+ A typedef for a function pointer with :func:`malloc()`'s
+ signature::
+
+ typedef void *(*json_malloc_t)(size_t);
+
+.. type:: json_free_t
+
+ A typedef for a function pointer with :func:`free()`'s
+ signature::
+
+ typedef void (*json_free_t)(void *);
+
+.. function:: void json_set_alloc_funcs(json_malloc_t malloc_fn, json_free_t free_fn)
+
+ Use *malloc_fn* instead of :func:`malloc()` and *free_fn* instead
+ of :func:`free()`. This function has to be called before any other
+ Jansson's API functions to ensure that all memory operations use
+ the same functions.
+
+Examples:
+
+Use the `Boehm's conservative garbage collector`_ for memory
+operations::
+
+ json_set_alloc_funcs(GC_malloc, GC_free);
+
+.. _Boehm's conservative garbage collector: http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/
+
+Allow storing sensitive data (e.g. passwords or encryption keys) in
+JSON structures by zeroing all memory when freed::
+
+ static void *secure_malloc(size_t size)
+ {
+ /* Store the memory area size in the beginning of the block */
+ void *ptr = malloc(size + 8);
+ *((size_t *)ptr) = size;
+ return ptr + 8;
+ }
+
+ static void secure_free(void *ptr)
+ {
+ size_t size;
+
+ ptr -= 8;
+ size = *((size_t *)ptr);
+
+ guaranteed_memset(ptr, 0, size);
+ free(ptr);
+ }
+
+ int main()
+ {
+ json_set_alloc_funcs(secure_malloc, secure_free);
+ /* ... */
+ }
+
+For more information about the issues of storing sensitive data in
+memory, see
+http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/protect-secrets.html.
+The page also examplains the :func:`guaranteed_memset()` function used
+in the example and gives a sample implementation for it.
projects / jansson.git / blobdiff