Return wpabuf from radius_msg_get_eap()
[mech_eap.git] / wpa_supplicant / eapol_test.c
1 /*
2  * WPA Supplicant - test code
3  * Copyright (c) 2003-2012, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
4  *
5  * This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
6  * See README for more details.
7  *
8  * IEEE 802.1X Supplicant test code (to be used in place of wpa_supplicant.c.
9  * Not used in production version.
10  */
11
12 #include "includes.h"
13 #include <assert.h>
14
15 #include "common.h"
16 #include "utils/ext_password.h"
17 #include "config.h"
18 #include "eapol_supp/eapol_supp_sm.h"
19 #include "eap_peer/eap.h"
20 #include "eap_server/eap_methods.h"
21 #include "eloop.h"
22 #include "utils/base64.h"
23 #include "rsn_supp/wpa.h"
24 #include "eap_peer/eap_i.h"
25 #include "wpa_supplicant_i.h"
26 #include "radius/radius.h"
27 #include "radius/radius_client.h"
28 #include "common/wpa_ctrl.h"
29 #include "ctrl_iface.h"
30 #include "pcsc_funcs.h"
31
32
33 extern int wpa_debug_level;
34 extern int wpa_debug_show_keys;
35
36 struct wpa_driver_ops *wpa_drivers[] = { NULL };
37
38
39 struct extra_radius_attr {
40         u8 type;
41         char syntax;
42         char *data;
43         struct extra_radius_attr *next;
44 };
45
46 struct eapol_test_data {
47         struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s;
48
49         int eapol_test_num_reauths;
50         int no_mppe_keys;
51         int num_mppe_ok, num_mppe_mismatch;
52
53         u8 radius_identifier;
54         struct radius_msg *last_recv_radius;
55         struct in_addr own_ip_addr;
56         struct radius_client_data *radius;
57         struct hostapd_radius_servers *radius_conf;
58
59          /* last received EAP Response from Authentication Server */
60         struct wpabuf *last_eap_radius;
61
62         u8 authenticator_pmk[PMK_LEN];
63         size_t authenticator_pmk_len;
64         int radius_access_accept_received;
65         int radius_access_reject_received;
66         int auth_timed_out;
67
68         u8 *eap_identity;
69         size_t eap_identity_len;
70
71         char *connect_info;
72         u8 own_addr[ETH_ALEN];
73         struct extra_radius_attr *extra_attrs;
74
75         FILE *server_cert_file;
76 };
77
78 static struct eapol_test_data eapol_test;
79
80
81 static void send_eap_request_identity(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx);
82
83
84 static void hostapd_logger_cb(void *ctx, const u8 *addr, unsigned int module,
85                               int level, const char *txt, size_t len)
86 {
87         if (addr)
88                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "STA " MACSTR ": %s\n",
89                            MAC2STR(addr), txt);
90         else
91                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "%s", txt);
92 }
93
94
95 static int add_extra_attr(struct radius_msg *msg,
96                           struct extra_radius_attr *attr)
97 {
98         size_t len;
99         char *pos;
100         u32 val;
101         char buf[128];
102
103         switch (attr->syntax) {
104         case 's':
105                 os_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s", attr->data);
106                 len = os_strlen(buf);
107                 break;
108         case 'n':
109                 buf[0] = '\0';
110                 len = 1;
111                 break;
112         case 'x':
113                 pos = attr->data;
114                 if (pos[0] == '0' && pos[1] == 'x')
115                         pos += 2;
116                 len = os_strlen(pos);
117                 if ((len & 1) || (len / 2) > sizeof(buf)) {
118                         printf("Invalid extra attribute hexstring\n");
119                         return -1;
120                 }
121                 len /= 2;
122                 if (hexstr2bin(pos, (u8 *) buf, len) < 0) {
123                         printf("Invalid extra attribute hexstring\n");
124                         return -1;
125                 }
126                 break;
127         case 'd':
128                 val = htonl(atoi(attr->data));
129                 os_memcpy(buf, &val, 4);
130                 len = 4;
131                 break;
132         default:
133                 printf("Incorrect extra attribute syntax specification\n");
134                 return -1;
135         }
136
137         if (!radius_msg_add_attr(msg, attr->type, (u8 *) buf, len)) {
138                 printf("Could not add attribute %d\n", attr->type);
139                 return -1;
140         }
141
142         return 0;
143 }
144
145
146 static int add_extra_attrs(struct radius_msg *msg,
147                            struct extra_radius_attr *attrs)
148 {
149         struct extra_radius_attr *p;
150         for (p = attrs; p; p = p->next) {
151                 if (add_extra_attr(msg, p) < 0)
152                         return -1;
153         }
154         return 0;
155 }
156
157
158 static struct extra_radius_attr *
159 find_extra_attr(struct extra_radius_attr *attrs, u8 type)
160 {
161         struct extra_radius_attr *p;
162         for (p = attrs; p; p = p->next) {
163                 if (p->type == type)
164                         return p;
165         }
166         return NULL;
167 }
168
169
170 static void ieee802_1x_encapsulate_radius(struct eapol_test_data *e,
171                                           const u8 *eap, size_t len)
172 {
173         struct radius_msg *msg;
174         char buf[128];
175         const struct eap_hdr *hdr;
176         const u8 *pos;
177
178         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "Encapsulating EAP message into a RADIUS "
179                    "packet");
180
181         e->radius_identifier = radius_client_get_id(e->radius);
182         msg = radius_msg_new(RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST,
183                              e->radius_identifier);
184         if (msg == NULL) {
185                 printf("Could not create net RADIUS packet\n");
186                 return;
187         }
188
189         radius_msg_make_authenticator(msg, (u8 *) e, sizeof(*e));
190
191         hdr = (const struct eap_hdr *) eap;
192         pos = (const u8 *) (hdr + 1);
193         if (len > sizeof(*hdr) && hdr->code == EAP_CODE_RESPONSE &&
194             pos[0] == EAP_TYPE_IDENTITY) {
195                 pos++;
196                 os_free(e->eap_identity);
197                 e->eap_identity_len = len - sizeof(*hdr) - 1;
198                 e->eap_identity = os_malloc(e->eap_identity_len);
199                 if (e->eap_identity) {
200                         os_memcpy(e->eap_identity, pos, e->eap_identity_len);
201                         wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "Learned identity from "
202                                     "EAP-Response-Identity",
203                                     e->eap_identity, e->eap_identity_len);
204                 }
205         }
206
207         if (e->eap_identity &&
208             !radius_msg_add_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_USER_NAME,
209                                  e->eap_identity, e->eap_identity_len)) {
210                 printf("Could not add User-Name\n");
211                 goto fail;
212         }
213
214         if (!find_extra_attr(e->extra_attrs, RADIUS_ATTR_NAS_IP_ADDRESS) &&
215             !radius_msg_add_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_NAS_IP_ADDRESS,
216                                  (u8 *) &e->own_ip_addr, 4)) {
217                 printf("Could not add NAS-IP-Address\n");
218                 goto fail;
219         }
220
221         os_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), RADIUS_802_1X_ADDR_FORMAT,
222                     MAC2STR(e->wpa_s->own_addr));
223         if (!find_extra_attr(e->extra_attrs, RADIUS_ATTR_CALLING_STATION_ID)
224             &&
225             !radius_msg_add_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_CALLING_STATION_ID,
226                                  (u8 *) buf, os_strlen(buf))) {
227                 printf("Could not add Calling-Station-Id\n");
228                 goto fail;
229         }
230
231         /* TODO: should probably check MTU from driver config; 2304 is max for
232          * IEEE 802.11, but use 1400 to avoid problems with too large packets
233          */
234         if (!find_extra_attr(e->extra_attrs, RADIUS_ATTR_FRAMED_MTU) &&
235             !radius_msg_add_attr_int32(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_FRAMED_MTU, 1400)) {
236                 printf("Could not add Framed-MTU\n");
237                 goto fail;
238         }
239
240         if (!find_extra_attr(e->extra_attrs, RADIUS_ATTR_NAS_PORT_TYPE) &&
241             !radius_msg_add_attr_int32(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_NAS_PORT_TYPE,
242                                        RADIUS_NAS_PORT_TYPE_IEEE_802_11)) {
243                 printf("Could not add NAS-Port-Type\n");
244                 goto fail;
245         }
246
247         os_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s", e->connect_info);
248         if (!find_extra_attr(e->extra_attrs, RADIUS_ATTR_CONNECT_INFO) &&
249             !radius_msg_add_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_CONNECT_INFO,
250                                  (u8 *) buf, os_strlen(buf))) {
251                 printf("Could not add Connect-Info\n");
252                 goto fail;
253         }
254
255         if (add_extra_attrs(msg, e->extra_attrs) < 0)
256                 goto fail;
257
258         if (eap && !radius_msg_add_eap(msg, eap, len)) {
259                 printf("Could not add EAP-Message\n");
260                 goto fail;
261         }
262
263         /* State attribute must be copied if and only if this packet is
264          * Access-Request reply to the previous Access-Challenge */
265         if (e->last_recv_radius &&
266             radius_msg_get_hdr(e->last_recv_radius)->code ==
267             RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE) {
268                 int res = radius_msg_copy_attr(msg, e->last_recv_radius,
269                                                RADIUS_ATTR_STATE);
270                 if (res < 0) {
271                         printf("Could not copy State attribute from previous "
272                                "Access-Challenge\n");
273                         goto fail;
274                 }
275                 if (res > 0) {
276                         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "  Copied RADIUS State "
277                                    "Attribute");
278                 }
279         }
280
281         if (radius_client_send(e->radius, msg, RADIUS_AUTH, e->wpa_s->own_addr)
282             < 0)
283                 goto fail;
284         return;
285
286  fail:
287         radius_msg_free(msg);
288 }
289
290
291 static int eapol_test_eapol_send(void *ctx, int type, const u8 *buf,
292                                  size_t len)
293 {
294         printf("WPA: eapol_test_eapol_send(type=%d len=%lu)\n",
295                type, (unsigned long) len);
296         if (type == IEEE802_1X_TYPE_EAP_PACKET) {
297                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "TX EAP -> RADIUS", buf, len);
298                 ieee802_1x_encapsulate_radius(&eapol_test, buf, len);
299         }
300         return 0;
301 }
302
303
304 static void eapol_test_set_config_blob(void *ctx,
305                                        struct wpa_config_blob *blob)
306 {
307         struct eapol_test_data *e = ctx;
308         wpa_config_set_blob(e->wpa_s->conf, blob);
309 }
310
311
312 static const struct wpa_config_blob *
313 eapol_test_get_config_blob(void *ctx, const char *name)
314 {
315         struct eapol_test_data *e = ctx;
316         return wpa_config_get_blob(e->wpa_s->conf, name);
317 }
318
319
320 static void eapol_test_eapol_done_cb(void *ctx)
321 {
322         printf("WPA: EAPOL processing complete\n");
323 }
324
325
326 static void eapol_sm_reauth(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx)
327 {
328         struct eapol_test_data *e = eloop_ctx;
329         printf("\n\n\n\n\neapol_test: Triggering EAP reauthentication\n\n");
330         e->radius_access_accept_received = 0;
331         send_eap_request_identity(e->wpa_s, NULL);
332 }
333
334
335 static int eapol_test_compare_pmk(struct eapol_test_data *e)
336 {
337         u8 pmk[PMK_LEN];
338         int ret = 1;
339
340         if (eapol_sm_get_key(e->wpa_s->eapol, pmk, PMK_LEN) == 0) {
341                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "PMK from EAPOL", pmk, PMK_LEN);
342                 if (os_memcmp(pmk, e->authenticator_pmk, PMK_LEN) != 0) {
343                         printf("WARNING: PMK mismatch\n");
344                         wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "PMK from AS",
345                                     e->authenticator_pmk, PMK_LEN);
346                 } else if (e->radius_access_accept_received)
347                         ret = 0;
348         } else if (e->authenticator_pmk_len == 16 &&
349                    eapol_sm_get_key(e->wpa_s->eapol, pmk, 16) == 0) {
350                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "LEAP PMK from EAPOL", pmk, 16);
351                 if (os_memcmp(pmk, e->authenticator_pmk, 16) != 0) {
352                         printf("WARNING: PMK mismatch\n");
353                         wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "PMK from AS",
354                                     e->authenticator_pmk, 16);
355                 } else if (e->radius_access_accept_received)
356                         ret = 0;
357         } else if (e->radius_access_accept_received && e->no_mppe_keys) {
358                 /* No keying material expected */
359                 ret = 0;
360         }
361
362         if (ret && !e->no_mppe_keys)
363                 e->num_mppe_mismatch++;
364         else if (!e->no_mppe_keys)
365                 e->num_mppe_ok++;
366
367         return ret;
368 }
369
370
371 static void eapol_sm_cb(struct eapol_sm *eapol, int success, void *ctx)
372 {
373         struct eapol_test_data *e = ctx;
374         printf("eapol_sm_cb: success=%d\n", success);
375         e->eapol_test_num_reauths--;
376         if (e->eapol_test_num_reauths < 0)
377                 eloop_terminate();
378         else {
379                 eapol_test_compare_pmk(e);
380                 eloop_register_timeout(0, 100000, eapol_sm_reauth, e, NULL);
381         }
382 }
383
384
385 static void eapol_test_write_cert(FILE *f, const char *subject,
386                                   const struct wpabuf *cert)
387 {
388         unsigned char *encoded;
389
390         encoded = base64_encode(wpabuf_head(cert), wpabuf_len(cert), NULL);
391         if (encoded == NULL)
392                 return;
393         fprintf(f, "%s\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n%s"
394                 "-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n\n", subject, encoded);
395         os_free(encoded);
396 }
397
398
399 static void eapol_test_cert_cb(void *ctx, int depth, const char *subject,
400                                const char *cert_hash,
401                                const struct wpabuf *cert)
402 {
403         struct eapol_test_data *e = ctx;
404
405         wpa_msg(e->wpa_s, MSG_INFO, WPA_EVENT_EAP_PEER_CERT
406                 "depth=%d subject='%s'%s%s",
407                 depth, subject,
408                 cert_hash ? " hash=" : "",
409                 cert_hash ? cert_hash : "");
410
411         if (cert) {
412                 char *cert_hex;
413                 size_t len = wpabuf_len(cert) * 2 + 1;
414                 cert_hex = os_malloc(len);
415                 if (cert_hex) {
416                         wpa_snprintf_hex(cert_hex, len, wpabuf_head(cert),
417                                          wpabuf_len(cert));
418                         wpa_msg_ctrl(e->wpa_s, MSG_INFO,
419                                      WPA_EVENT_EAP_PEER_CERT
420                                      "depth=%d subject='%s' cert=%s",
421                                      depth, subject, cert_hex);
422                         os_free(cert_hex);
423                 }
424
425                 if (e->server_cert_file)
426                         eapol_test_write_cert(e->server_cert_file,
427                                               subject, cert);
428         }
429 }
430
431
432 static int test_eapol(struct eapol_test_data *e, struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
433                       struct wpa_ssid *ssid)
434 {
435         struct eapol_config eapol_conf;
436         struct eapol_ctx *ctx;
437
438         ctx = os_zalloc(sizeof(*ctx));
439         if (ctx == NULL) {
440                 printf("Failed to allocate EAPOL context.\n");
441                 return -1;
442         }
443         ctx->ctx = e;
444         ctx->msg_ctx = wpa_s;
445         ctx->scard_ctx = wpa_s->scard;
446         ctx->cb = eapol_sm_cb;
447         ctx->cb_ctx = e;
448         ctx->eapol_send_ctx = wpa_s;
449         ctx->preauth = 0;
450         ctx->eapol_done_cb = eapol_test_eapol_done_cb;
451         ctx->eapol_send = eapol_test_eapol_send;
452         ctx->set_config_blob = eapol_test_set_config_blob;
453         ctx->get_config_blob = eapol_test_get_config_blob;
454         ctx->opensc_engine_path = wpa_s->conf->opensc_engine_path;
455         ctx->pkcs11_engine_path = wpa_s->conf->pkcs11_engine_path;
456         ctx->pkcs11_module_path = wpa_s->conf->pkcs11_module_path;
457         ctx->cert_cb = eapol_test_cert_cb;
458         ctx->cert_in_cb = 1;
459
460         wpa_s->eapol = eapol_sm_init(ctx);
461         if (wpa_s->eapol == NULL) {
462                 os_free(ctx);
463                 printf("Failed to initialize EAPOL state machines.\n");
464                 return -1;
465         }
466
467         wpa_s->current_ssid = ssid;
468         os_memset(&eapol_conf, 0, sizeof(eapol_conf));
469         eapol_conf.accept_802_1x_keys = 1;
470         eapol_conf.required_keys = 0;
471         eapol_conf.fast_reauth = wpa_s->conf->fast_reauth;
472         eapol_conf.workaround = ssid->eap_workaround;
473         eapol_sm_notify_config(wpa_s->eapol, &ssid->eap, &eapol_conf);
474         eapol_sm_register_scard_ctx(wpa_s->eapol, wpa_s->scard);
475
476
477         eapol_sm_notify_portValid(wpa_s->eapol, FALSE);
478         /* 802.1X::portControl = Auto */
479         eapol_sm_notify_portEnabled(wpa_s->eapol, TRUE);
480
481         return 0;
482 }
483
484
485 static void test_eapol_clean(struct eapol_test_data *e,
486                              struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
487 {
488         struct extra_radius_attr *p, *prev;
489
490         radius_client_deinit(e->radius);
491         wpabuf_free(e->last_eap_radius);
492         radius_msg_free(e->last_recv_radius);
493         e->last_recv_radius = NULL;
494         os_free(e->eap_identity);
495         e->eap_identity = NULL;
496         eapol_sm_deinit(wpa_s->eapol);
497         wpa_s->eapol = NULL;
498         if (e->radius_conf && e->radius_conf->auth_server) {
499                 os_free(e->radius_conf->auth_server->shared_secret);
500                 os_free(e->radius_conf->auth_server);
501         }
502         os_free(e->radius_conf);
503         e->radius_conf = NULL;
504         scard_deinit(wpa_s->scard);
505         if (wpa_s->ctrl_iface) {
506                 wpa_supplicant_ctrl_iface_deinit(wpa_s->ctrl_iface);
507                 wpa_s->ctrl_iface = NULL;
508         }
509
510         ext_password_deinit(wpa_s->ext_pw);
511         wpa_s->ext_pw = NULL;
512
513         wpa_config_free(wpa_s->conf);
514
515         p = e->extra_attrs;
516         while (p) {
517                 prev = p;
518                 p = p->next;
519                 os_free(prev);
520         }
521 }
522
523
524 static void send_eap_request_identity(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx)
525 {
526         struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s = eloop_ctx;
527         u8 buf[100], *pos;
528         struct ieee802_1x_hdr *hdr;
529         struct eap_hdr *eap;
530
531         hdr = (struct ieee802_1x_hdr *) buf;
532         hdr->version = EAPOL_VERSION;
533         hdr->type = IEEE802_1X_TYPE_EAP_PACKET;
534         hdr->length = htons(5);
535
536         eap = (struct eap_hdr *) (hdr + 1);
537         eap->code = EAP_CODE_REQUEST;
538         eap->identifier = 0;
539         eap->length = htons(5);
540         pos = (u8 *) (eap + 1);
541         *pos = EAP_TYPE_IDENTITY;
542
543         printf("Sending fake EAP-Request-Identity\n");
544         eapol_sm_rx_eapol(wpa_s->eapol, wpa_s->bssid, buf,
545                           sizeof(*hdr) + 5);
546 }
547
548
549 static void eapol_test_timeout(void *eloop_ctx, void *timeout_ctx)
550 {
551         struct eapol_test_data *e = eloop_ctx;
552         printf("EAPOL test timed out\n");
553         e->auth_timed_out = 1;
554         eloop_terminate();
555 }
556
557
558 static char *eap_type_text(u8 type)
559 {
560         switch (type) {
561         case EAP_TYPE_IDENTITY: return "Identity";
562         case EAP_TYPE_NOTIFICATION: return "Notification";
563         case EAP_TYPE_NAK: return "Nak";
564         case EAP_TYPE_TLS: return "TLS";
565         case EAP_TYPE_TTLS: return "TTLS";
566         case EAP_TYPE_PEAP: return "PEAP";
567         case EAP_TYPE_SIM: return "SIM";
568         case EAP_TYPE_GTC: return "GTC";
569         case EAP_TYPE_MD5: return "MD5";
570         case EAP_TYPE_OTP: return "OTP";
571         case EAP_TYPE_FAST: return "FAST";
572         case EAP_TYPE_SAKE: return "SAKE";
573         case EAP_TYPE_PSK: return "PSK";
574         default: return "Unknown";
575         }
576 }
577
578
579 static void ieee802_1x_decapsulate_radius(struct eapol_test_data *e)
580 {
581         struct wpabuf *eap;
582         const struct eap_hdr *hdr;
583         int eap_type = -1;
584         char buf[64];
585         struct radius_msg *msg;
586
587         if (e->last_recv_radius == NULL)
588                 return;
589
590         msg = e->last_recv_radius;
591
592         eap = radius_msg_get_eap(msg);
593         if (eap == NULL) {
594                 /* draft-aboba-radius-rfc2869bis-20.txt, Chap. 2.6.3:
595                  * RADIUS server SHOULD NOT send Access-Reject/no EAP-Message
596                  * attribute */
597                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "could not extract "
598                                "EAP-Message from RADIUS message");
599                 wpabuf_free(e->last_eap_radius);
600                 e->last_eap_radius = NULL;
601                 return;
602         }
603
604         if (wpabuf_len(eap) < sizeof(*hdr)) {
605                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "too short EAP packet "
606                                "received from authentication server");
607                 wpabuf_free(eap);
608                 return;
609         }
610
611         if (wpabuf_len(eap) > sizeof(*hdr))
612                 eap_type = (wpabuf_head_u8(eap))[sizeof(*hdr)];
613
614         hdr = wpabuf_head(eap);
615         switch (hdr->code) {
616         case EAP_CODE_REQUEST:
617                 os_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "EAP-Request-%s (%d)",
618                             eap_type >= 0 ? eap_type_text(eap_type) : "??",
619                             eap_type);
620                 break;
621         case EAP_CODE_RESPONSE:
622                 os_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "EAP Response-%s (%d)",
623                             eap_type >= 0 ? eap_type_text(eap_type) : "??",
624                             eap_type);
625                 break;
626         case EAP_CODE_SUCCESS:
627                 os_strlcpy(buf, "EAP Success", sizeof(buf));
628                 /* LEAP uses EAP Success within an authentication, so must not
629                  * stop here with eloop_terminate(); */
630                 break;
631         case EAP_CODE_FAILURE:
632                 os_strlcpy(buf, "EAP Failure", sizeof(buf));
633                 eloop_terminate();
634                 break;
635         default:
636                 os_strlcpy(buf, "unknown EAP code", sizeof(buf));
637                 wpa_hexdump_buf(MSG_DEBUG, "Decapsulated EAP packet", eap);
638                 break;
639         }
640         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "decapsulated EAP packet (code=%d "
641                        "id=%d len=%d) from RADIUS server: %s",
642                       hdr->code, hdr->identifier, ntohs(hdr->length), buf);
643
644         /* sta->eapol_sm->be_auth.idFromServer = hdr->identifier; */
645
646         wpabuf_free(e->last_eap_radius);
647         e->last_eap_radius = eap;
648
649         {
650                 struct ieee802_1x_hdr *dot1x;
651                 dot1x = os_malloc(sizeof(*dot1x) + wpabuf_len(eap));
652                 assert(dot1x != NULL);
653                 dot1x->version = EAPOL_VERSION;
654                 dot1x->type = IEEE802_1X_TYPE_EAP_PACKET;
655                 dot1x->length = htons(wpabuf_len(eap));
656                 os_memcpy((u8 *) (dot1x + 1), wpabuf_head(eap),
657                           wpabuf_len(eap));
658                 eapol_sm_rx_eapol(e->wpa_s->eapol, e->wpa_s->bssid,
659                                   (u8 *) dot1x,
660                                   sizeof(*dot1x) + wpabuf_len(eap));
661                 os_free(dot1x);
662         }
663 }
664
665
666 static void ieee802_1x_get_keys(struct eapol_test_data *e,
667                                 struct radius_msg *msg, struct radius_msg *req,
668                                 const u8 *shared_secret,
669                                 size_t shared_secret_len)
670 {
671         struct radius_ms_mppe_keys *keys;
672
673         keys = radius_msg_get_ms_keys(msg, req, shared_secret,
674                                       shared_secret_len);
675         if (keys && keys->send == NULL && keys->recv == NULL) {
676                 os_free(keys);
677                 keys = radius_msg_get_cisco_keys(msg, req, shared_secret,
678                                                  shared_secret_len);
679         }
680
681         if (keys) {
682                 if (keys->send) {
683                         wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "MS-MPPE-Send-Key (sign)",
684                                     keys->send, keys->send_len);
685                 }
686                 if (keys->recv) {
687                         wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "MS-MPPE-Recv-Key (crypt)",
688                                     keys->recv, keys->recv_len);
689                         e->authenticator_pmk_len =
690                                 keys->recv_len > PMK_LEN ? PMK_LEN :
691                                 keys->recv_len;
692                         os_memcpy(e->authenticator_pmk, keys->recv,
693                                   e->authenticator_pmk_len);
694                         if (e->authenticator_pmk_len == 16 && keys->send &&
695                             keys->send_len == 16) {
696                                 /* MS-CHAP-v2 derives 16 octet keys */
697                                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "Use MS-MPPE-Send-Key "
698                                            "to extend PMK to 32 octets");
699                                 os_memcpy(e->authenticator_pmk +
700                                           e->authenticator_pmk_len,
701                                           keys->send, keys->send_len);
702                                 e->authenticator_pmk_len += keys->send_len;
703                         }
704                 }
705
706                 os_free(keys->send);
707                 os_free(keys->recv);
708                 os_free(keys);
709         }
710 }
711
712
713 /* Process the RADIUS frames from Authentication Server */
714 static RadiusRxResult
715 ieee802_1x_receive_auth(struct radius_msg *msg, struct radius_msg *req,
716                         const u8 *shared_secret, size_t shared_secret_len,
717                         void *data)
718 {
719         struct eapol_test_data *e = data;
720         struct radius_hdr *hdr = radius_msg_get_hdr(msg);
721
722         /* RFC 2869, Ch. 5.13: valid Message-Authenticator attribute MUST be
723          * present when packet contains an EAP-Message attribute */
724         if (hdr->code == RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT &&
725             radius_msg_get_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR, NULL,
726                                 0) < 0 &&
727             radius_msg_get_attr(msg, RADIUS_ATTR_EAP_MESSAGE, NULL, 0) < 0) {
728                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "Allowing RADIUS "
729                               "Access-Reject without Message-Authenticator "
730                               "since it does not include EAP-Message\n");
731         } else if (radius_msg_verify(msg, shared_secret, shared_secret_len,
732                                      req, 1)) {
733                 printf("Incoming RADIUS packet did not have correct "
734                        "Message-Authenticator - dropped\n");
735                 return RADIUS_RX_UNKNOWN;
736         }
737
738         if (hdr->code != RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT &&
739             hdr->code != RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT &&
740             hdr->code != RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE) {
741                 printf("Unknown RADIUS message code\n");
742                 return RADIUS_RX_UNKNOWN;
743         }
744
745         e->radius_identifier = -1;
746         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "RADIUS packet matching with station");
747
748         radius_msg_free(e->last_recv_radius);
749         e->last_recv_radius = msg;
750
751         switch (hdr->code) {
752         case RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT:
753                 e->radius_access_accept_received = 1;
754                 ieee802_1x_get_keys(e, msg, req, shared_secret,
755                                     shared_secret_len);
756                 break;
757         case RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT:
758                 e->radius_access_reject_received = 1;
759                 break;
760         }
761
762         ieee802_1x_decapsulate_radius(e);
763
764         if ((hdr->code == RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT &&
765              e->eapol_test_num_reauths < 0) ||
766             hdr->code == RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT) {
767                 eloop_terminate();
768         }
769
770         return RADIUS_RX_QUEUED;
771 }
772
773
774 static void wpa_init_conf(struct eapol_test_data *e,
775                           struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, const char *authsrv,
776                           int port, const char *secret,
777                           const char *cli_addr)
778 {
779         struct hostapd_radius_server *as;
780         int res;
781
782         wpa_s->bssid[5] = 1;
783         os_memcpy(wpa_s->own_addr, e->own_addr, ETH_ALEN);
784         e->own_ip_addr.s_addr = htonl((127 << 24) | 1);
785         os_strlcpy(wpa_s->ifname, "test", sizeof(wpa_s->ifname));
786
787         e->radius_conf = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct hostapd_radius_servers));
788         assert(e->radius_conf != NULL);
789         e->radius_conf->num_auth_servers = 1;
790         as = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct hostapd_radius_server));
791         assert(as != NULL);
792 #if defined(CONFIG_NATIVE_WINDOWS) || defined(CONFIG_ANSI_C_EXTRA)
793         {
794                 int a[4];
795                 u8 *pos;
796                 sscanf(authsrv, "%d.%d.%d.%d", &a[0], &a[1], &a[2], &a[3]);
797                 pos = (u8 *) &as->addr.u.v4;
798                 *pos++ = a[0];
799                 *pos++ = a[1];
800                 *pos++ = a[2];
801                 *pos++ = a[3];
802         }
803 #else /* CONFIG_NATIVE_WINDOWS or CONFIG_ANSI_C_EXTRA */
804         inet_aton(authsrv, &as->addr.u.v4);
805 #endif /* CONFIG_NATIVE_WINDOWS or CONFIG_ANSI_C_EXTRA */
806         as->addr.af = AF_INET;
807         as->port = port;
808         as->shared_secret = (u8 *) os_strdup(secret);
809         as->shared_secret_len = os_strlen(secret);
810         e->radius_conf->auth_server = as;
811         e->radius_conf->auth_servers = as;
812         e->radius_conf->msg_dumps = 1;
813         if (cli_addr) {
814                 if (hostapd_parse_ip_addr(cli_addr,
815                                           &e->radius_conf->client_addr) == 0)
816                         e->radius_conf->force_client_addr = 1;
817                 else {
818                         wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Invalid IP address '%s'",
819                                    cli_addr);
820                         assert(0);
821                 }
822         }
823
824         e->radius = radius_client_init(wpa_s, e->radius_conf);
825         assert(e->radius != NULL);
826
827         res = radius_client_register(e->radius, RADIUS_AUTH,
828                                      ieee802_1x_receive_auth, e);
829         assert(res == 0);
830 }
831
832
833 static int scard_test(void)
834 {
835         struct scard_data *scard;
836         size_t len;
837         char imsi[20];
838         unsigned char _rand[16];
839 #ifdef PCSC_FUNCS
840         unsigned char sres[4];
841         unsigned char kc[8];
842 #endif /* PCSC_FUNCS */
843 #define num_triplets 5
844         unsigned char rand_[num_triplets][16];
845         unsigned char sres_[num_triplets][4];
846         unsigned char kc_[num_triplets][8];
847         int i, res;
848         size_t j;
849
850 #define AKA_RAND_LEN 16
851 #define AKA_AUTN_LEN 16
852 #define AKA_AUTS_LEN 14
853 #define RES_MAX_LEN 16
854 #define IK_LEN 16
855 #define CK_LEN 16
856         unsigned char aka_rand[AKA_RAND_LEN];
857         unsigned char aka_autn[AKA_AUTN_LEN];
858         unsigned char aka_auts[AKA_AUTS_LEN];
859         unsigned char aka_res[RES_MAX_LEN];
860         size_t aka_res_len;
861         unsigned char aka_ik[IK_LEN];
862         unsigned char aka_ck[CK_LEN];
863
864         scard = scard_init(SCARD_TRY_BOTH, NULL);
865         if (scard == NULL)
866                 return -1;
867         if (scard_set_pin(scard, "1234")) {
868                 wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "PIN validation failed");
869                 scard_deinit(scard);
870                 return -1;
871         }
872
873         len = sizeof(imsi);
874         if (scard_get_imsi(scard, imsi, &len))
875                 goto failed;
876         wpa_hexdump_ascii(MSG_DEBUG, "SCARD: IMSI", (u8 *) imsi, len);
877         /* NOTE: Permanent Username: 1 | IMSI */
878
879         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "SCARD: MNC length %d",
880                    scard_get_mnc_len(scard));
881
882         os_memset(_rand, 0, sizeof(_rand));
883         if (scard_gsm_auth(scard, _rand, sres, kc))
884                 goto failed;
885
886         os_memset(_rand, 0xff, sizeof(_rand));
887         if (scard_gsm_auth(scard, _rand, sres, kc))
888                 goto failed;
889
890         for (i = 0; i < num_triplets; i++) {
891                 os_memset(rand_[i], i, sizeof(rand_[i]));
892                 if (scard_gsm_auth(scard, rand_[i], sres_[i], kc_[i]))
893                         goto failed;
894         }
895
896         for (i = 0; i < num_triplets; i++) {
897                 printf("1");
898                 for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
899                         printf("%c", imsi[j]);
900                 printf(",");
901                 for (j = 0; j < 16; j++)
902                         printf("%02X", rand_[i][j]);
903                 printf(",");
904                 for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
905                         printf("%02X", sres_[i][j]);
906                 printf(",");
907                 for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
908                         printf("%02X", kc_[i][j]);
909                 printf("\n");
910         }
911
912         wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "Trying to use UMTS authentication");
913
914         /* seq 39 (0x28) */
915         os_memset(aka_rand, 0xaa, 16);
916         os_memcpy(aka_autn, "\x86\x71\x31\xcb\xa2\xfc\x61\xdf"
917                   "\xa3\xb3\x97\x9d\x07\x32\xa2\x12", 16);
918
919         res = scard_umts_auth(scard, aka_rand, aka_autn, aka_res, &aka_res_len,
920                               aka_ik, aka_ck, aka_auts);
921         if (res == 0) {
922                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "UMTS auth completed successfully");
923                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "RES", aka_res, aka_res_len);
924                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "IK", aka_ik, IK_LEN);
925                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "CK", aka_ck, CK_LEN);
926         } else if (res == -2) {
927                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "UMTS auth resulted in synchronization "
928                            "failure");
929                 wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "AUTS", aka_auts, AKA_AUTS_LEN);
930         } else {
931                 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "UMTS auth failed");
932         }
933
934 failed:
935         scard_deinit(scard);
936
937         return 0;
938 #undef num_triplets
939 }
940
941
942 static int scard_get_triplets(int argc, char *argv[])
943 {
944         struct scard_data *scard;
945         size_t len;
946         char imsi[20];
947         unsigned char _rand[16];
948         unsigned char sres[4];
949         unsigned char kc[8];
950         int num_triplets;
951         int i;
952         size_t j;
953
954         if (argc < 2 || ((num_triplets = atoi(argv[1])) <= 0)) {
955                 printf("invalid parameters for sim command\n");
956                 return -1;
957         }
958
959         if (argc <= 2 || os_strcmp(argv[2], "debug") != 0) {
960                 /* disable debug output */
961                 wpa_debug_level = 99;
962         }
963
964         scard = scard_init(SCARD_GSM_SIM_ONLY, NULL);
965         if (scard == NULL) {
966                 printf("Failed to open smartcard connection\n");
967                 return -1;
968         }
969         if (scard_set_pin(scard, argv[0])) {
970                 wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "PIN validation failed");
971                 scard_deinit(scard);
972                 return -1;
973         }
974
975         len = sizeof(imsi);
976         if (scard_get_imsi(scard, imsi, &len)) {
977                 scard_deinit(scard);
978                 return -1;
979         }
980
981         for (i = 0; i < num_triplets; i++) {
982                 os_memset(_rand, i, sizeof(_rand));
983                 if (scard_gsm_auth(scard, _rand, sres, kc))
984                         break;
985
986                 /* IMSI:Kc:SRES:RAND */
987                 for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
988                         printf("%c", imsi[j]);
989                 printf(":");
990                 for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
991                         printf("%02X", kc[j]);
992                 printf(":");
993                 for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
994                         printf("%02X", sres[j]);
995                 printf(":");
996                 for (j = 0; j < 16; j++)
997                         printf("%02X", _rand[j]);
998                 printf("\n");
999         }
1000
1001         scard_deinit(scard);
1002
1003         return 0;
1004 }
1005
1006
1007 static void eapol_test_terminate(int sig, void *signal_ctx)
1008 {
1009         struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s = signal_ctx;
1010         wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "Signal %d received - terminating", sig);
1011         eloop_terminate();
1012 }
1013
1014
1015 static void usage(void)
1016 {
1017         printf("usage:\n"
1018                "eapol_test [-nWS] -c<conf> [-a<AS IP>] [-p<AS port>] "
1019                "[-s<AS secret>]\\\n"
1020                "           [-r<count>] [-t<timeout>] [-C<Connect-Info>] \\\n"
1021                "           [-M<client MAC address>] [-o<server cert file] \\\n"
1022                "           [-N<attr spec>] \\\n"
1023                "           [-A<client IP>]\n"
1024                "eapol_test scard\n"
1025                "eapol_test sim <PIN> <num triplets> [debug]\n"
1026                "\n");
1027         printf("options:\n"
1028                "  -c<conf> = configuration file\n"
1029                "  -a<AS IP> = IP address of the authentication server, "
1030                "default 127.0.0.1\n"
1031                "  -p<AS port> = UDP port of the authentication server, "
1032                "default 1812\n"
1033                "  -s<AS secret> = shared secret with the authentication "
1034                "server, default 'radius'\n"
1035                "  -A<client IP> = IP address of the client, default: select "
1036                "automatically\n"
1037                "  -r<count> = number of re-authentications\n"
1038                "  -W = wait for a control interface monitor before starting\n"
1039                "  -S = save configuration after authentication\n"
1040                "  -n = no MPPE keys expected\n"
1041                "  -t<timeout> = sets timeout in seconds (default: 30 s)\n"
1042                "  -C<Connect-Info> = RADIUS Connect-Info (default: "
1043                "CONNECT 11Mbps 802.11b)\n"
1044                "  -M<client MAC address> = Set own MAC address "
1045                "(Calling-Station-Id,\n"
1046                "                           default: 02:00:00:00:00:01)\n"
1047                "  -o<server cert file> = Write received server certificate\n"
1048                "                         chain to the specified file\n"
1049                "  -N<attr spec> = send arbitrary attribute specified by:\n"
1050                "                  attr_id:syntax:value or attr_id\n"
1051                "                  attr_id - number id of the attribute\n"
1052                "                  syntax - one of: s, d, x\n"
1053                "                     s = string\n"
1054                "                     d = integer\n"
1055                "                     x = octet string\n"
1056                "                  value - attribute value.\n"
1057                "       When only attr_id is specified, NULL will be used as "
1058                "value.\n"
1059                "       Multiple attributes can be specified by using the "
1060                "option several times.\n");
1061 }
1062
1063
1064 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
1065 {
1066         struct wpa_supplicant wpa_s;
1067         int c, ret = 1, wait_for_monitor = 0, save_config = 0;
1068         char *as_addr = "127.0.0.1";
1069         int as_port = 1812;
1070         char *as_secret = "radius";
1071         char *cli_addr = NULL;
1072         char *conf = NULL;
1073         int timeout = 30;
1074         char *pos;
1075         struct extra_radius_attr *p = NULL, *p1;
1076
1077         if (os_program_init())
1078                 return -1;
1079
1080         hostapd_logger_register_cb(hostapd_logger_cb);
1081
1082         os_memset(&eapol_test, 0, sizeof(eapol_test));
1083         eapol_test.connect_info = "CONNECT 11Mbps 802.11b";
1084         os_memcpy(eapol_test.own_addr, "\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01", ETH_ALEN);
1085
1086         wpa_debug_level = 0;
1087         wpa_debug_show_keys = 1;
1088
1089         for (;;) {
1090                 c = getopt(argc, argv, "a:A:c:C:M:nN:o:p:r:s:St:W");
1091                 if (c < 0)
1092                         break;
1093                 switch (c) {
1094                 case 'a':
1095                         as_addr = optarg;
1096                         break;
1097                 case 'A':
1098                         cli_addr = optarg;
1099                         break;
1100                 case 'c':
1101                         conf = optarg;
1102                         break;
1103                 case 'C':
1104                         eapol_test.connect_info = optarg;
1105                         break;
1106                 case 'M':
1107                         if (hwaddr_aton(optarg, eapol_test.own_addr)) {
1108                                 usage();
1109                                 return -1;
1110                         }
1111                         break;
1112                 case 'n':
1113                         eapol_test.no_mppe_keys++;
1114                         break;
1115                 case 'o':
1116                         if (eapol_test.server_cert_file)
1117                                 fclose(eapol_test.server_cert_file);
1118                         eapol_test.server_cert_file = fopen(optarg, "w");
1119                         if (eapol_test.server_cert_file == NULL) {
1120                                 printf("Could not open '%s' for writing\n",
1121                                        optarg);
1122                                 return -1;
1123                         }
1124                         break;
1125                 case 'p':
1126                         as_port = atoi(optarg);
1127                         break;
1128                 case 'r':
1129                         eapol_test.eapol_test_num_reauths = atoi(optarg);
1130                         break;
1131                 case 's':
1132                         as_secret = optarg;
1133                         break;
1134                 case 'S':
1135                         save_config++;
1136                         break;
1137                 case 't':
1138                         timeout = atoi(optarg);
1139                         break;
1140                 case 'W':
1141                         wait_for_monitor++;
1142                         break;
1143                 case 'N':
1144                         p1 = os_zalloc(sizeof(p1));
1145                         if (p1 == NULL)
1146                                 break;
1147                         if (!p)
1148                                 eapol_test.extra_attrs = p1;
1149                         else
1150                                 p->next = p1;
1151                         p = p1;
1152
1153                         p->type = atoi(optarg);
1154                         pos = os_strchr(optarg, ':');
1155                         if (pos == NULL) {
1156                                 p->syntax = 'n';
1157                                 p->data = NULL;
1158                                 break;
1159                         }
1160
1161                         pos++;
1162                         if (pos[0] == '\0' || pos[1] != ':') {
1163                                 printf("Incorrect format of attribute "
1164                                        "specification\n");
1165                                 break;
1166                         }
1167
1168                         p->syntax = pos[0];
1169                         p->data = pos + 2;
1170                         break;
1171                 default:
1172                         usage();
1173                         return -1;
1174                 }
1175         }
1176
1177         if (argc > optind && os_strcmp(argv[optind], "scard") == 0) {
1178                 return scard_test();
1179         }
1180
1181         if (argc > optind && os_strcmp(argv[optind], "sim") == 0) {
1182                 return scard_get_triplets(argc - optind - 1,
1183                                           &argv[optind + 1]);
1184         }
1185
1186         if (conf == NULL) {
1187                 usage();
1188                 printf("Configuration file is required.\n");
1189                 return -1;
1190         }
1191
1192         if (eap_register_methods()) {
1193                 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Failed to register EAP methods");
1194                 return -1;
1195         }
1196
1197         if (eloop_init()) {
1198                 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Failed to initialize event loop");
1199                 return -1;
1200         }
1201
1202         os_memset(&wpa_s, 0, sizeof(wpa_s));
1203         eapol_test.wpa_s = &wpa_s;
1204         wpa_s.conf = wpa_config_read(conf);
1205         if (wpa_s.conf == NULL) {
1206                 printf("Failed to parse configuration file '%s'.\n", conf);
1207                 return -1;
1208         }
1209         if (wpa_s.conf->ssid == NULL) {
1210                 printf("No networks defined.\n");
1211                 return -1;
1212         }
1213
1214         wpa_init_conf(&eapol_test, &wpa_s, as_addr, as_port, as_secret,
1215                       cli_addr);
1216         wpa_s.ctrl_iface = wpa_supplicant_ctrl_iface_init(&wpa_s);
1217         if (wpa_s.ctrl_iface == NULL) {
1218                 printf("Failed to initialize control interface '%s'.\n"
1219                        "You may have another eapol_test process already "
1220                        "running or the file was\n"
1221                        "left by an unclean termination of eapol_test in "
1222                        "which case you will need\n"
1223                        "to manually remove this file before starting "
1224                        "eapol_test again.\n",
1225                        wpa_s.conf->ctrl_interface);
1226                 return -1;
1227         }
1228         if (wpa_supplicant_scard_init(&wpa_s, wpa_s.conf->ssid))
1229                 return -1;
1230
1231         if (test_eapol(&eapol_test, &wpa_s, wpa_s.conf->ssid))
1232                 return -1;
1233
1234         if (wpas_init_ext_pw(&wpa_s) < 0)
1235                 return -1;
1236
1237         if (wait_for_monitor)
1238                 wpa_supplicant_ctrl_iface_wait(wpa_s.ctrl_iface);
1239
1240         eloop_register_timeout(timeout, 0, eapol_test_timeout, &eapol_test,
1241                                NULL);
1242         eloop_register_timeout(0, 0, send_eap_request_identity, &wpa_s, NULL);
1243         eloop_register_signal_terminate(eapol_test_terminate, &wpa_s);
1244         eloop_register_signal_reconfig(eapol_test_terminate, &wpa_s);
1245         eloop_run();
1246
1247         eloop_cancel_timeout(eapol_test_timeout, &eapol_test, NULL);
1248         eloop_cancel_timeout(eapol_sm_reauth, &eapol_test, NULL);
1249
1250         if (eapol_test_compare_pmk(&eapol_test) == 0 ||
1251             eapol_test.no_mppe_keys)
1252                 ret = 0;
1253         if (eapol_test.auth_timed_out)
1254                 ret = -2;
1255         if (eapol_test.radius_access_reject_received)
1256                 ret = -3;
1257
1258         if (save_config)
1259                 wpa_config_write(conf, wpa_s.conf);
1260
1261         test_eapol_clean(&eapol_test, &wpa_s);
1262
1263         eap_peer_unregister_methods();
1264 #ifdef CONFIG_AP
1265         eap_server_unregister_methods();
1266 #endif /* CONFIG_AP */
1267
1268         eloop_destroy();
1269
1270         if (eapol_test.server_cert_file)
1271                 fclose(eapol_test.server_cert_file);
1272
1273         printf("MPPE keys OK: %d  mismatch: %d\n",
1274                eapol_test.num_mppe_ok, eapol_test.num_mppe_mismatch);
1275         if (eapol_test.num_mppe_mismatch)
1276                 ret = -4;
1277         if (ret)
1278                 printf("FAILURE\n");
1279         else
1280                 printf("SUCCESS\n");
1281
1282         os_program_deinit();
1283
1284         return ret;
1285 }