xmltooling/soap/impl/CURLSOAPTransport.cpp

   1 /*
   2  *  Copyright 2001-2007 Internet2
   3  *
   4  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   5  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   6  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
   7  *
   8  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   9  *
  10  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  11  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  12  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  13  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  14  * limitations under the License.
  15  */
  16
  17 /**
  18  * CURLSOAPTransport.cpp
  19  *
  20  * libcurl-based SOAPTransport implementation
  21  */
  22
  23 #include "internal.h"
  24 #include "exceptions.h"
  25 #include "security/OpenSSLTrustEngine.h"
  26 #include "signature/OpenSSLCredentialResolver.h"
  27 #include "soap/HTTPSOAPTransport.h"
  28 #include "soap/OpenSSLSOAPTransport.h"
  29 #include "util/NDC.h"
  30 #include "util/Threads.h"
  31
  32 #include <list>
  33 #include <curl/curl.h>
  34 #include <log4cpp/Category.hh>
  35 #include <openssl/x509_vfy.h>
  36
  37 using namespace xmlsignature;
  38 using namespace xmltooling;
  39 using namespace log4cpp;
  40 using namespace std;
  41
  42 namespace xmltooling {
  43
  44     // Manages cache of socket connections via CURL handles.
  45     class XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL CURLPool
  46     {
  47     public:
  48         CURLPool() : m_size(0), m_lock(Mutex::create()),
  49             m_log(Category::getInstance(XMLTOOLING_LOGCAT".SOAPTransport.CURLPool")) {}
  50         ~CURLPool();
  51
  52         CURL* get(const string& to, const char* endpoint);
  53         void put(const string& to, const char* endpoint, CURL* handle);
  54
  55     private:
  56         typedef map<string,vector<CURL*> > poolmap_t;
  57         poolmap_t m_bindingMap;
  58         list< vector<CURL*>* > m_pools;
  59         long m_size;
  60         Mutex* m_lock;
  61         Category& m_log;
  62     };
  63
  64     static XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL CURLPool* g_CURLPool = NULL;
  65
  66     class XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL CURLSOAPTransport : public HTTPSOAPTransport, public OpenSSLSOAPTransport
  67     {
  68     public:
  69         CURLSOAPTransport(const KeyInfoSource& peer, const char* endpoint)
  70                 : m_peer(peer), m_endpoint(endpoint), m_handle(NULL), m_headers(NULL),
  71 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
  72                     m_credResolver(NULL), m_trustEngine(NULL), m_mandatory(false), m_keyResolver(NULL),
  73 #endif
  74                     m_ssl_callback(NULL), m_ssl_userptr(NULL), m_chunked(true), m_secure(false) {
  75             m_handle = g_CURLPool->get(peer.getName(), endpoint);
  76             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_URL,endpoint);
  77             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT,15);
  78             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_TIMEOUT,30);
  79             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH,0);
  80             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_USERPWD,NULL);
  81             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_HEADERDATA,this);
  82             m_headers=curl_slist_append(m_headers,"Content-Type: text/xml");
  83         }
  84
  85         virtual ~CURLSOAPTransport() {
  86             curl_slist_free_all(m_headers);
  87             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_ERRORBUFFER,NULL);
  88             curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_PRIVATE,m_secure ? "secure" : NULL); // Save off security "state".
  89             g_CURLPool->put(m_peer.getName(), m_endpoint.c_str(), m_handle);
  90         }
  91
  92         bool isConfidential() const {
  93             return m_endpoint.find("https")==0;
  94         }
  95
  96         bool setConnectTimeout(long timeout) {
  97             return (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT,timeout)==CURLE_OK);
  98         }
  99
 100         bool setTimeout(long timeout) {
 101             return (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_TIMEOUT,timeout)==CURLE_OK);
 102         }
 103
 104         bool setAuth(transport_auth_t authType, const char* username=NULL, const char* password=NULL);
 105
 106 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
 107         bool setCredentialResolver(const CredentialResolver* credResolver) {
 108             const OpenSSLCredentialResolver* down = dynamic_cast<const OpenSSLCredentialResolver*>(credResolver);
 109             if (!down) {
 110                 m_credResolver = NULL;
 111                 return (credResolver==NULL);
 112             }
 113             m_credResolver = down;
 114             return true;
 115         }
 116
 117         bool setTrustEngine(const X509TrustEngine* trustEngine, bool mandatory=true, const KeyResolver* keyResolver=NULL) {
 118             const OpenSSLTrustEngine* down = dynamic_cast<const OpenSSLTrustEngine*>(trustEngine);
 119             if (!down) {
 120                 m_trustEngine = NULL;
 121                 m_keyResolver = NULL;
 122                 return (trustEngine==NULL);
 123             }
 124             m_trustEngine = down;
 125             m_keyResolver = keyResolver;
 126             m_mandatory = mandatory;
 127             return true;
 128         }
 129
 130 #endif
 131
 132         bool useChunkedEncoding(bool chunked=true) {
 133             m_chunked = chunked;
 134             return true;
 135         }
 136
 137         void send(istream& in);
 138
 139         istream& receive() {
 140             return m_stream;
 141         }
 142
 143         bool isSecure() const {
 144             return m_secure;
 145         }
 146
 147         void setSecure(bool secure) {
 148             m_secure = secure;
 149         }
 150
 151         string getContentType() const;
 152
 153         bool setRequestHeader(const char* name, const char* val) {
 154             string temp(name);
 155             temp=temp + ": " + val;
 156             m_headers=curl_slist_append(m_headers,temp.c_str());
 157             return true;
 158         }
 159
 160         const vector<string>& getResponseHeader(const char* val) const;
 161
 162         bool setSSLCallback(ssl_ctx_callback_fn fn, void* userptr=NULL) {
 163             m_ssl_callback=fn;
 164             m_ssl_userptr=userptr;
 165             return true;
 166         }
 167
 168     private:
 169         // per-call state
 170         const KeyInfoSource& m_peer;
 171         string m_endpoint;
 172         CURL* m_handle;
 173         stringstream m_stream;
 174         struct curl_slist* m_headers;
 175         map<string,vector<string> > m_response_headers;
 176 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
 177         const OpenSSLCredentialResolver* m_credResolver;
 178         const OpenSSLTrustEngine* m_trustEngine;
 179         bool m_mandatory;
 180         const KeyResolver* m_keyResolver;
 181 #endif
 182         ssl_ctx_callback_fn m_ssl_callback;
 183         void* m_ssl_userptr;
 184         bool m_chunked;
 185         bool m_secure;
 186
 187         friend size_t XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL curl_header_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream);
 188         friend CURLcode XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL xml_ssl_ctx_callback(CURL* curl, SSL_CTX* ssl_ctx, void* userptr);
 189         friend int XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL verify_callback(X509_STORE_CTX* x509_ctx, void* arg);
 190     };
 191
 192     // libcurl callback functions
 193     size_t XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL curl_header_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream);
 194     size_t XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL curl_write_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream);
 195     size_t XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL curl_read_hook( void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *stream);
 196     int XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL curl_debug_hook(CURL* handle, curl_infotype type, char* data, size_t len, void* ptr);
 197     CURLcode XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL xml_ssl_ctx_callback(CURL* curl, SSL_CTX* ssl_ctx, void* userptr);
 198 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
 199     int XMLTOOL_DLLLOCAL verify_callback(X509_STORE_CTX* x509_ctx, void* arg);
 200 #endif
 201
 202     SOAPTransport* CURLSOAPTransportFactory(const pair<const KeyInfoSource*,const char*>& dest)
 203     {
 204         return new CURLSOAPTransport(*dest.first, dest.second);
 205     }
 206 };
 207
 208 void xmltooling::registerSOAPTransports()
 209 {
 210     XMLToolingConfig& conf=XMLToolingConfig::getConfig();
 211     conf.SOAPTransportManager.registerFactory("http", CURLSOAPTransportFactory);
 212     conf.SOAPTransportManager.registerFactory("https", CURLSOAPTransportFactory);
 213 }
 214
 215 void xmltooling::initSOAPTransports()
 216 {
 217     g_CURLPool=new CURLPool();
 218 }
 219
 220 void xmltooling::termSOAPTransports()
 221 {
 222     delete g_CURLPool;
 223     g_CURLPool = NULL;
 224 }
 225
 226 CURLPool::~CURLPool()
 227 {
 228     for (poolmap_t::iterator i=m_bindingMap.begin(); i!=m_bindingMap.end(); i++) {
 229         for (vector<CURL*>::iterator j=i->second.begin(); j!=i->second.end(); j++)
 230             curl_easy_cleanup(*j);
 231     }
 232     delete m_lock;
 233 }
 234
 235 CURL* CURLPool::get(const string& to, const char* endpoint)
 236 {
 237 #ifdef _DEBUG
 238     xmltooling::NDC("get");
 239 #endif
 240     m_log.debug("getting connection handle to %s", endpoint);
 241     m_lock->lock();
 242     poolmap_t::iterator i=m_bindingMap.find(to + "|" + endpoint);
 243
 244     if (i!=m_bindingMap.end()) {
 245         // Move this pool to the front of the list.
 246         m_pools.remove(&(i->second));
 247         m_pools.push_front(&(i->second));
 248
 249         // If a free connection exists, return it.
 250         if (!(i->second.empty())) {
 251             CURL* handle=i->second.back();
 252             i->second.pop_back();
 253             m_size--;
 254             m_lock->unlock();
 255             m_log.debug("returning existing connection handle from pool");
 256             return handle;
 257         }
 258     }
 259
 260     m_lock->unlock();
 261     m_log.debug("nothing free in pool, returning new connection handle");
 262
 263     // Create a new connection and set non-varying options.
 264     CURL* handle=curl_easy_init();
 265     if (!handle)
 266         return NULL;
 267     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS,1);
 268     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL,1);
 269     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_FAILONERROR,1);
 270     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_SSLVERSION,3);
 271     // Verification of the peer is via TrustEngine only.
 272     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER,0);
 273     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST,2);
 274     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION,&curl_header_hook);
 275     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION,&curl_write_hook);
 276     curl_easy_setopt(handle,CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION,&curl_debug_hook);
 277
 278     return handle;
 279 }
 280
 281 void CURLPool::put(const string& to, const char* endpoint, CURL* handle)
 282 {
 283     string key = to + "|" + endpoint;
 284     m_lock->lock();
 285     poolmap_t::iterator i=m_bindingMap.find(key);
 286     if (i==m_bindingMap.end())
 287         m_pools.push_front(&(m_bindingMap.insert(poolmap_t::value_type(key,vector<CURL*>(1,handle))).first->second));
 288     else
 289         i->second.push_back(handle);
 290
 291     CURL* killit=NULL;
 292     if (++m_size > 256) {
 293         // Kick a handle out from the back of the bus.
 294         while (true) {
 295             vector<CURL*>* corpse=m_pools.back();
 296             if (!corpse->empty()) {
 297                 killit=corpse->back();
 298                 corpse->pop_back();
 299                 m_size--;
 300                 break;
 301             }
 302
 303             // Move an empty pool up to the front so we don't keep hitting it.
 304             m_pools.pop_back();
 305             m_pools.push_front(corpse);
 306         }
 307     }
 308     m_lock->unlock();
 309     if (killit) {
 310         curl_easy_cleanup(killit);
 311 #ifdef _DEBUG
 312         xmltooling::NDC("put");
 313 #endif
 314         m_log.info("conn_pool_max limit reached, dropping an old connection");
 315     }
 316 }
 317
 318 bool CURLSOAPTransport::setAuth(transport_auth_t authType, const char* username, const char* password)
 319 {
 320     if (authType==transport_auth_none) {
 321         if (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH,0)!=CURLE_OK)
 322             return false;
 323         return (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_USERPWD,NULL)==CURLE_OK);
 324     }
 325     long flag=0;
 326     switch (authType) {
 327         case transport_auth_basic:    flag = CURLAUTH_BASIC; break;
 328         case transport_auth_digest:   flag = CURLAUTH_DIGEST; break;
 329         case transport_auth_ntlm:     flag = CURLAUTH_NTLM; break;
 330         case transport_auth_gss:      flag = CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE; break;
 331         default:            return false;
 332     }
 333     if (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH,flag)!=CURLE_OK)
 334         return false;
 335     string creds = string(username ? username : "") + ':' + (password ? password : "");
 336     return (curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_USERPWD,creds.c_str())==CURLE_OK);
 337 }
 338
 339 const vector<string>& CURLSOAPTransport::getResponseHeader(const char* name) const
 340 {
 341     static vector<string> emptyVector;
 342
 343     map<string,vector<string> >::const_iterator i=m_response_headers.find(name);
 344     if (i!=m_response_headers.end())
 345         return i->second;
 346
 347     for (map<string,vector<string> >::const_iterator j=m_response_headers.begin(); j!=m_response_headers.end(); j++) {
 348 #ifdef HAVE_STRCASECMP
 349         if (!strcasecmp(j->first.c_str(), name))
 350 #else
 351         if (!stricmp(j->first.c_str(), name))
 352 #endif
 353             return j->second;
 354     }
 355
 356     return emptyVector;
 357 }
 358
 359 string CURLSOAPTransport::getContentType() const
 360 {
 361     char* content_type=NULL;
 362     curl_easy_getinfo(m_handle,CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE,&content_type);
 363     return content_type ? content_type : "";
 364 }
 365
 366 void CURLSOAPTransport::send(istream& in)
 367 {
 368 #ifdef _DEBUG
 369     xmltooling::NDC ndc("send");
 370 #endif
 371     Category& log=Category::getInstance(XMLTOOLING_LOGCAT".SOAPTransport");
 372     Category& log_curl=Category::getInstance(XMLTOOLING_LOGCAT".libcurl");
 373
 374     string msg;
 375
 376     // By this time, the handle has been prepared with the URL to use and the
 377     // caller should have executed any set functions to manipulate it.
 378
 379     // Setup standard per-call curl properties.
 380     curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_DEBUGDATA,&log_curl);
 381     curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_FILE,&m_stream);
 382     curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_POST,1);
 383     if (m_chunked) {
 384         m_headers=curl_slist_append(m_headers,"Transfer-Encoding: chunked");
 385         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_READFUNCTION,&curl_read_hook);
 386         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_READDATA,&in);
 387     }
 388     else {
 389         char buf[1024];
 390         while (in) {
 391             in.read(buf,1024);
 392             msg.append(buf,in.gcount());
 393         }
 394         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_READFUNCTION,NULL);
 395         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS,msg.c_str());
 396         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE,msg.length());
 397     }
 398
 399     char curl_errorbuf[CURL_ERROR_SIZE];
 400     curl_errorbuf[0]=0;
 401     curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_ERRORBUFFER,curl_errorbuf);
 402     if (log_curl.isDebugEnabled())
 403         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_VERBOSE,1);
 404
 405     // Set request headers.
 406     curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER,m_headers);
 407
 408     if (m_ssl_callback || m_credResolver || m_trustEngine) {
 409         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION,xml_ssl_ctx_callback);
 410         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_DATA,this);
 411
 412         // Restore security "state". Necessary because the callback only runs
 413         // when handshakes occur. Even new TCP connections won't execute it.
 414         char* priv=NULL;
 415         curl_easy_getinfo(m_handle,CURLINFO_PRIVATE,&priv);
 416         if (priv)
 417             m_secure=true;
 418     }
 419     else {
 420         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION,NULL);
 421         curl_easy_setopt(m_handle,CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_DATA,NULL);
 422     }
 423
 424     // Make the call.
 425     log.debug("sending SOAP message to %s", m_endpoint.c_str());
 426     if (curl_easy_perform(m_handle) != CURLE_OK) {
 427         throw IOException(
 428             string("CURLSOAPTransport failed while contacting SOAP responder: ") +
 429                 (curl_errorbuf[0] ? curl_errorbuf : "no further information available"));
 430     }
 431 }
 432
 433 // callback to buffer headers from server
 434 size_t xmltooling::curl_header_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream)
 435 {
 436     // only handle single-byte data
 437     if (size!=1)
 438         return 0;
 439     CURLSOAPTransport* ctx = reinterpret_cast<CURLSOAPTransport*>(stream);
 440     char* buf = (char*)malloc(nmemb + 1);
 441     if (buf) {
 442         memset(buf,0,nmemb + 1);
 443         memcpy(buf,ptr,nmemb);
 444         char* sep=(char*)strchr(buf,':');
 445         if (sep) {
 446             *(sep++)=0;
 447             while (*sep==' ')
 448                 *(sep++)=0;
 449             char* white=buf+nmemb-1;
 450             while (isspace(*white))
 451                 *(white--)=0;
 452             ctx->m_response_headers[buf].push_back(sep);
 453         }
 454         free(buf);
 455         return nmemb;
 456     }
 457     return 0;
 458 }
 459
 460 // callback to send data to server
 461 size_t xmltooling::curl_read_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream)
 462 {
 463     // *stream is actually an istream object
 464     istream& buf=*(reinterpret_cast<istream*>(stream));
 465     buf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr),size*nmemb);
 466     return buf.gcount();
 467 }
 468
 469 // callback to buffer data from server
 470 size_t xmltooling::curl_write_hook(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* stream)
 471 {
 472     size_t len = size*nmemb;
 473     reinterpret_cast<stringstream*>(stream)->write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ptr),len);
 474     return len;
 475 }
 476
 477 // callback for curl debug data
 478 int xmltooling::curl_debug_hook(CURL* handle, curl_infotype type, char* data, size_t len, void* ptr)
 479 {
 480     // *ptr is actually a logging object
 481     if (!ptr) return 0;
 482     CategoryStream log=reinterpret_cast<Category*>(ptr)->debugStream();
 483     for (char* ch=data; len && (isprint(*ch) || isspace(*ch)); len--)
 484         log << *ch++;
 485     log << CategoryStream::ENDLINE;
 486     return 0;
 487 }
 488
 489 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
 490 int xmltooling::verify_callback(X509_STORE_CTX* x509_ctx, void* arg)
 491 {
 492     Category& log = Category::getInstance("OpenSSL");
 493     log.debug("invoking X509 verify callback");
 494 #if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x00907000L)
 495     CURLSOAPTransport* ctx = reinterpret_cast<CURLSOAPTransport*>(arg);
 496 #else
 497     // Yes, this sucks. I'd use TLS, but there's no really obvious spot to put the thread key
 498     // and global variables suck too. We can't access the X509_STORE_CTX depth directly because
 499     // OpenSSL only copies it into the context if it's >=0, and the unsigned pointer may be
 500     // negative in the SSL structure's int member.
 501     CURLSOAPTransport* ctx = reinterpret_cast<CURLSOAPTransport*>(
 502         SSL_get_verify_depth(
 503             reinterpret_cast<SSL*>(X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(x509_ctx,SSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx()))
 504             )
 505         );
 506 #endif
 507
 508      // Bypass name check (handled for us by curl).
 509     if (!ctx->m_trustEngine->validate(x509_ctx->cert,x509_ctx->untrusted,ctx->m_peer,false,ctx->m_keyResolver)) {
 510         log.error("supplied TrustEngine failed to validate SSL/TLS server certificate");
 511         x509_ctx->error=X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION;     // generic error, check log for plugin specifics
 512         ctx->setSecure(false);
 513         return ctx->m_mandatory ? 0 : 1;
 514     }
 515
 516     // Signal success. Hopefully it doesn't matter what's actually in the structure now.
 517     ctx->setSecure(true);
 518     return 1;
 519 }
 520 #endif
 521
 522 // callback to invoke a caller-defined SSL callback
 523 CURLcode xmltooling::xml_ssl_ctx_callback(CURL* curl, SSL_CTX* ssl_ctx, void* userptr)
 524 {
 525     CURLSOAPTransport* conf = reinterpret_cast<CURLSOAPTransport*>(userptr);
 526
 527 #ifndef XMLTOOLING_NO_XMLSEC
 528     if (conf->m_credResolver)
 529         conf->m_credResolver->attach(ssl_ctx);
 530
 531     if (conf->m_trustEngine) {
 532         SSL_CTX_set_verify(ssl_ctx,SSL_VERIFY_PEER,NULL);
 533 #if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x00907000L)
 534         // With 0.9.7, we can pass a callback argument directly.
 535         SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(ssl_ctx,verify_callback,userptr);
 536 #else
 537         // With 0.9.6, there's no argument, so we're going to use a really embarrassing hack and
 538         // stuff the argument in the depth property where it will get copied to the context object
 539         // that's handed to the callback.
 540         SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(ssl_ctx,reinterpret_cast<int (*)()>(verify_callback),NULL);
 541         SSL_CTX_set_verify_depth(ssl_ctx,reinterpret_cast<int>(userptr));
 542 #endif
 543     }
 544 #endif
 545
 546     if (conf->m_ssl_callback && !conf->m_ssl_callback(conf, ssl_ctx, conf->m_ssl_userptr))
 547         return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
 548
 549     return CURLE_OK;
 550 }